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我讀王爾德的《格雷的畫像》(The Picture of Dorian Gray)
2011/06/22 00:27
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我讀王爾德的《格雷的畫像》(The Picture of Dorian Gray)
The artist is the creator of beautiful things. (藝術家是美的事物的創作者)
To reveal art and conceal the artist is art's aim. (藝術的目的就是顯露藝術，隱藏藝術家)
……
There is no such thing as a moral or an immoral book. Books are well written, or badly written. That is all. (書無所謂道德或不道德。書只有寫得好或寫的糟，如此而已)
……
No artist has ethical sympathies. An ethical sympathy in an artist is an unpardonable mannerism of style. (沒有任何藝術家會有道德的同情。藝術家所具有的一種道德的同情就是一種不可原諒的矯揉造作的風格)
……
Vice and virtue are to the artist materials for an art. (罪惡與美德都是藝術家藝術創作的媒材)
—— Oscar Wilde,〈The Preface〉/《The Picture of Dorian Gray》
承接翔任曾引述過的王爾德所說的一句：
「快樂是給美麗的肉體的，但痛苦是給美麗的靈魂的」
(Pleasure for the beautiful body, but pain for the beautiful soul.)
http://blog.udn.com/diotima/3904294
而最近剛讀完的王爾德小說《格雷的畫像》(The Picture of Dorian Gray)，似乎就是想要將肉體/靈魂一刀兩段地切割開來，但卻又無法抑制地相互影響，靈魂的墮落醜惡換得肉體的青春永駐，最終還是被打回原形。
「無論從氣質或趣味上，或者從兩者的角度，我都十分不理解一個藝術作品怎麼可以從道德的角度進行評論。」
《蘇格蘭觀察家》則在
「每個人都在道林‧格雷身上發現了自己的罪惡。而道林‧格雷有什麼罪惡倒沒人知道了，因為他的罪惡是發現了他身上的罪惡的人強加給他的。」
然而，王爾德應該從未想過，在五年之後——也就是 1895 年，他控告昆斯伯里侯爵誹謗一案當時，《格雷的畫像》卻成為了辯方律師卡森攻擊王爾德的利器：
卡森：《格雷的畫像》被公開解釋為同性戀小說了嗎？
王爾德：只有畜生和文盲才會這麼想；或許我應該說畜生加文盲才會這麼想……我不管那些無知者、文盲和傻瓜怎麼曲解我的作品。我關心的只是我自以的藝術觀，我的感覺以及我為什麼要創造它；我根本不在乎別人怎麼看。
【博客來網路書店書籍介紹】
http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010450673
百年前最驚世駭俗的一本壞書，成為今日唯美主義的不朽巨著！
英國才子王爾德：「書沒有道德或不道德的分別，書只有寫得好和寫得不好的分別，如此而已。」
「多麼悲哀啊！」格雷的眼睛牢牢盯著自己的肖像，輕聲說：「多麼悲哀啊！我會變得又老又醜又可怕，但是這幅畫會永遠保持年輕，永遠不會比六月的這一天還老……要是能換過來就好了！要是我可以永遠保持年輕、肖像變老就好了！為此，為此，我會交出一切！是的，世上沒有什麼東西是我不肯交出的！我可以交出靈魂！」
《格雷的畫像》於一八九○年首次出版，引起了軒然大波。奧斯卡．王爾德的名譽也因而受到強烈攻訐，終至不振。本書詳細描繪維多利亞時期的倫敦生活，攻擊當時有禮卻虛偽的上流社會，成為奧斯卡．王爾德眾多聞名的文學作品。他在本書將自己的聰明才智展現得淋漓盡致，讓當時受到輿論批判、排斥的他，如今終得世人公正的評價。
內容簡介：
《美少年格雷的畫像》描述一位極其俊美的少年格雷，結識了一位崇尚享樂主義的亨利爵士，開始帶他進入一連串縱慾、邪惡、墮落的生活。年輕的格雷請了一為畫家朋友為他畫一張畫像，為了留住青春與美貌，格雷許下了讓畫像代替自己老去的願望。恐怖的是，隨著時間的流逝，格雷的外貌一點都沒有老化的痕跡，反觀他的畫像，卻一點點變得老化醜惡。為了毀滅這張醜陋噁心的畫像，格雷先殺了畫家，又試圖毀掉畫像。之後，格雷被人發現胸口刺傷而死，面容變得又老又醜，而裂開的畫像卻恢復年輕俊美的樣貌。《美少年格雷的畫像》是19世紀末法國頹廢派作家王爾德的代表名作，它結合了「歌德式小說」的靈異氣氛，與頹廢派小說那種沈淪墮落的罪行描寫，透過主角格雷與畫像之間的曖昧奇異情感，將人們沈溺於追求表象的美貌，終至不可自拔、失去自我、失去性靈的扭曲與憂傷，深深烙印在讀者的心上。
維基百科裡提到《格雷的畫像》是經典的哥德小說並且帶有強烈的浮士德式的主題：
「The Picture of Dorian Gray is considered a work of classic gothic horror fiction with a strong Faustian theme.」
書中主角格雷遭逢的魔鬼是否就是好友畫家 Basil 引介新認識的亨利勛爵 (Lord Henry)？
摘要幾段亨利勛爵魅惑人心的言談：
"There is no such thing as a good influence, Mr. Gray. All influence is immoral--immoral from the scientific point of view."
"Why?"
"Because to influence a person is to give him one's own soul. (影響一個人就是將自己的靈魂交給他) He does not think his natural thoughts, or burn with his natural passions. His virtues are not real to him. His sins, if there are such things as sins, are borrowed. He becomes an echo of some one else's music, an actor of a part that has not been written for him. The aim of life is self-development. To realize one's nature perfectly--that is what each of us is here for. People are afraid of themselves, nowadays. They have forgotten the highest of all duties, the duty that one owes to one's self. Of course, they are charitable. They feed the hungry and clothe the beggar. But their own souls starve, and are naked. Courage has gone out of our race. Perhaps we never really had it. The terror of society, which is the basis of morals, the terror of God, which is the secret of religion--these are the two things that govern us. And yet--"
"Because you have the most marvellous youth, and youth is the one thing worth having." (因為你有著最美麗的青春，而青春視為唯一值得擁有的)
"I don't feel that, Lord Henry."
"No, you don't feel it now. Some day, when you are old and wrinkled and ugly, when thought has seared your forehead with its lines, and passion branded your lips with its hideous fires, you will feel it, you will feel it terribly. Now, wherever you go, you charm the world. Will it always be so? ... You have a wonderfully beautiful face, Mr. Gray. Don't frown. You have. And beauty is a form of genius--is higher, indeed, than genius, as it needs no explanation. It is of the great facts of the world, like sunlight, or spring-time, or the reflection in dark waters of that silver shell we call the moon. It cannot be questioned. It has its divine right of sovereignty. It makes princes of those who have it. You smile? Ah! when you have lost it you won't smile.... People say sometimes that beauty is only superficial. That may be so, but at least it is not so superficial as thought is. To me, beauty is the wonder of wonders. It is only shallow people who do not judge by appearances. The true mystery of the world is the visible, not the invisible....
A new Hedonism--that is what our century wants. (新的享樂主義—這才是我們這個時代需要的) You might be its visible symbol. With your personality there is nothing you could not do. The world belongs to you for a season....
Youth! Youth! There is absolutely nothing in the world but youth!" (青春！青春！這人世間為有青春而已啊！)
但事實上，或許真正的魔鬼是來自於格雷自己的內心吧！
"How sad it is!" murmured Dorian Gray with his eyes still fixed upon his own portrait. "How sad it is! I shall grow old, and horrible, and dreadful. But this picture will remain always young. It will never be older than this particular day of June.... If it were only the other way! If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old! For that--for that--I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that!"
"I am jealous of everything whose beauty does not die.(凡是不會消逝的美麗的事物我都會嫉妒) I am jealous of the portrait you have painted of me. Why should it keep what I must lose? Every moment that passes takes something from me and gives something to it. Oh, if it were only the other way! If the picture could change, and I could be always what I am now! Why did you paint it? It will mock me some day--mock me horribly!"
在這個故事結束之前，格雷和亨利勛爵的一次談話中其實已經顯露出如同浮士德般的悔悟，格雷不斷複誦著《哈姆雷特》的一句台詞：
"Like the painting of a sorrow, A face without a heart." (徒具悲傷之象，空有其表無真心)
最終，格雷認為自己已經有所改變——「I am going to be good…I am a little changed already.」，想要重新面對畫像中的自己，希冀他的靈魂不再墮落及醜惡：
"He went in quietly, locking the door behind him, as was his custom, and dragged the purple hanging from the portrait. A cry of pain and indignation broke from him. He could see no change, save that in the eyes there was a look of cunning and in the mouth the curved wrinkle of the hypocrite. The thing was still loathsome--more loathsome, if possible, than before--and the scarlet dew that spotted the hand seemed brighter, and more like blood newly spilled."
然而畫像毫無改變，甚至更令人憎惡，格雷於是拿起當初殺害畫家好友的刀子想要毀壞這幅畫像以求得到安寧：
“He looked round and saw the knife that had stabbed Basil Hallward. He had cleaned it many times, till there was no stain left upon it. It was bright, and glistened. As it had killed the painter, so it would kill the painter's work, and all that that meant. It would kill the past, and when that was dead, he would be free. It would kill this monstrous soul-life, and without its hideous warnings, he would be at peace. He seized the thing, and stabbed the picture with it.”
在一聲嚇人的尖叫聲中……大夥破窗而入，才發現…...
There was a cry heard, and a crash. The cry was so horrible in its agony that the frightened servants woke and crept out of their rooms….
When they entered, they found hanging upon the wall a splendid portrait of their master as they had last seen him, in all the wonder of his exquisite youth and beauty. Lying on the floor was a dead man, in evening dress, with a knife in his heart. He was withered, wrinkled, and loathsome of visage. It was not till they had examined the rings that they recognized who it was.
我們牢記著浮士德的結局，他的靈魂最終仍然得到拯救而被帶到了天國；
《化身博士》中的海德先生 (Mr. Hyde)，也應該早就隨著傑奇博士 (Dr. Jekyll) 服毒自盡而消失了吧 !
至於格雷終究無法逃離悲劇的宿命而無法成為背德的倖存者。
遙想百年前卡森律師那場敗壞道德的指控實在令我感到不可思議；
無論如何，《格雷的畫像》對我而言可說是最具有 ethical sympathies 的一本小說啊 !
【參考資料】
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray
The Picture of Dorian Gray
《奧斯卡‧王爾德自傳》-- 孫宜學譯
《凋謝的百合：王爾德畫像》-- 孫宜學
The artist is the creator of beautiful things. (藝術家是美的事物的創作者)
To reveal art and conceal the artist is art's aim. (藝術的目的就是顯露藝術，隱藏藝術家)
……
There is no such thing as a moral or an immoral book. Books are well written, or badly written. That is all. (書無所謂道德或不道德。書只有寫得好或寫的糟，如此而已)
……
No artist has ethical sympathies. An ethical sympathy in an artist is an unpardonable mannerism of style. (沒有任何藝術家會有道德的同情。藝術家所具有的一種道德的同情就是一種不可原諒的矯揉造作的風格)
……
Vice and virtue are to the artist materials for an art. (罪惡與美德都是藝術家藝術創作的媒材)
—— Oscar Wilde,〈The Preface〉/《The Picture of Dorian Gray》
承接翔任曾引述過的王爾德所說的一句：
「快樂是給美麗的肉體的，但痛苦是給美麗的靈魂的」
(Pleasure for the beautiful body, but pain for the beautiful soul.)
http://blog.udn.com/diotima/3904294
而最近剛讀完的王爾德小說《格雷的畫像》(The Picture of Dorian Gray)，似乎就是想要將肉體/靈魂一刀兩段地切割開來，但卻又無法抑制地相互影響，靈魂的墮落醜惡換得肉體的青春永駐，最終還是被打回原形。
「無論從氣質或趣味上，或者從兩者的角度，我都十分不理解一個藝術作品怎麼可以從道德的角度進行評論。」
《蘇格蘭觀察家》則在
「每個人都在道林‧格雷身上發現了自己的罪惡。而道林‧格雷有什麼罪惡倒沒人知道了，因為他的罪惡是發現了他身上的罪惡的人強加給他的。」
然而，王爾德應該從未想過，在五年之後——也就是 1895 年，他控告昆斯伯里侯爵誹謗一案當時，《格雷的畫像》卻成為了辯方律師卡森攻擊王爾德的利器：
卡森：《格雷的畫像》被公開解釋為同性戀小說了嗎？
王爾德：只有畜生和文盲才會這麼想；或許我應該說畜生加文盲才會這麼想……我不管那些無知者、文盲和傻瓜怎麼曲解我的作品。我關心的只是我自以的藝術觀，我的感覺以及我為什麼要創造它；我根本不在乎別人怎麼看。
【博客來網路書店書籍介紹】
http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010450673
百年前最驚世駭俗的一本壞書，成為今日唯美主義的不朽巨著！
英國才子王爾德：「書沒有道德或不道德的分別，書只有寫得好和寫得不好的分別，如此而已。」
「多麼悲哀啊！」格雷的眼睛牢牢盯著自己的肖像，輕聲說：「多麼悲哀啊！我會變得又老又醜又可怕，但是這幅畫會永遠保持年輕，永遠不會比六月的這一天還老……要是能換過來就好了！要是我可以永遠保持年輕、肖像變老就好了！為此，為此，我會交出一切！是的，世上沒有什麼東西是我不肯交出的！我可以交出靈魂！」
《格雷的畫像》於一八九○年首次出版，引起了軒然大波。奧斯卡．王爾德的名譽也因而受到強烈攻訐，終至不振。本書詳細描繪維多利亞時期的倫敦生活，攻擊當時有禮卻虛偽的上流社會，成為奧斯卡．王爾德眾多聞名的文學作品。他在本書將自己的聰明才智展現得淋漓盡致，讓當時受到輿論批判、排斥的他，如今終得世人公正的評價。
內容簡介：
《美少年格雷的畫像》描述一位極其俊美的少年格雷，結識了一位崇尚享樂主義的亨利爵士，開始帶他進入一連串縱慾、邪惡、墮落的生活。年輕的格雷請了一為畫家朋友為他畫一張畫像，為了留住青春與美貌，格雷許下了讓畫像代替自己老去的願望。恐怖的是，隨著時間的流逝，格雷的外貌一點都沒有老化的痕跡，反觀他的畫像，卻一點點變得老化醜惡。為了毀滅這張醜陋噁心的畫像，格雷先殺了畫家，又試圖毀掉畫像。之後，格雷被人發現胸口刺傷而死，面容變得又老又醜，而裂開的畫像卻恢復年輕俊美的樣貌。《美少年格雷的畫像》是19世紀末法國頹廢派作家王爾德的代表名作，它結合了「歌德式小說」的靈異氣氛，與頹廢派小說那種沈淪墮落的罪行描寫，透過主角格雷與畫像之間的曖昧奇異情感，將人們沈溺於追求表象的美貌，終至不可自拔、失去自我、失去性靈的扭曲與憂傷，深深烙印在讀者的心上。
維基百科裡提到《格雷的畫像》是經典的哥德小說並且帶有強烈的浮士德式的主題：
「The Picture of Dorian Gray is considered a work of classic gothic horror fiction with a strong Faustian theme.」
書中主角格雷遭逢的魔鬼是否就是好友畫家 Basil 引介新認識的亨利勛爵 (Lord Henry)？
摘要幾段亨利勛爵魅惑人心的言談：
"There is no such thing as a good influence, Mr. Gray. All influence is immoral--immoral from the scientific point of view."
"Why?"
"Because to influence a person is to give him one's own soul. (影響一個人就是將自己的靈魂交給他) He does not think his natural thoughts, or burn with his natural passions. His virtues are not real to him. His sins, if there are such things as sins, are borrowed. He becomes an echo of some one else's music, an actor of a part that has not been written for him. The aim of life is self-development. To realize one's nature perfectly--that is what each of us is here for. People are afraid of themselves, nowadays. They have forgotten the highest of all duties, the duty that one owes to one's self. Of course, they are charitable. They feed the hungry and clothe the beggar. But their own souls starve, and are naked. Courage has gone out of our race. Perhaps we never really had it. The terror of society, which is the basis of morals, the terror of God, which is the secret of religion--these are the two things that govern us. And yet--"
"Because you have the most marvellous youth, and youth is the one thing worth having." (因為你有著最美麗的青春，而青春視為唯一值得擁有的)
"I don't feel that, Lord Henry."
"No, you don't feel it now. Some day, when you are old and wrinkled and ugly, when thought has seared your forehead with its lines, and passion branded your lips with its hideous fires, you will feel it, you will feel it terribly. Now, wherever you go, you charm the world. Will it always be so? ... You have a wonderfully beautiful face, Mr. Gray. Don't frown. You have. And beauty is a form of genius--is higher, indeed, than genius, as it needs no explanation. It is of the great facts of the world, like sunlight, or spring-time, or the reflection in dark waters of that silver shell we call the moon. It cannot be questioned. It has its divine right of sovereignty. It makes princes of those who have it. You smile? Ah! when you have lost it you won't smile.... People say sometimes that beauty is only superficial. That may be so, but at least it is not so superficial as thought is. To me, beauty is the wonder of wonders. It is only shallow people who do not judge by appearances. The true mystery of the world is the visible, not the invisible....
A new Hedonism--that is what our century wants. (新的享樂主義—這才是我們這個時代需要的) You might be its visible symbol. With your personality there is nothing you could not do. The world belongs to you for a season....
Youth! Youth! There is absolutely nothing in the world but youth!" (青春！青春！這人世間為有青春而已啊！)
但事實上，或許真正的魔鬼是來自於格雷自己的內心吧！
"How sad it is!" murmured Dorian Gray with his eyes still fixed upon his own portrait. "How sad it is! I shall grow old, and horrible, and dreadful. But this picture will remain always young. It will never be older than this particular day of June.... If it were only the other way! If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old! For that--for that--I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that!"
"I am jealous of everything whose beauty does not die.(凡是不會消逝的美麗的事物我都會嫉妒) I am jealous of the portrait you have painted of me. Why should it keep what I must lose? Every moment that passes takes something from me and gives something to it. Oh, if it were only the other way! If the picture could change, and I could be always what I am now! Why did you paint it? It will mock me some day--mock me horribly!"
在這個故事結束之前，格雷和亨利勛爵的一次談話中其實已經顯露出如同浮士德般的悔悟，格雷不斷複誦著《哈姆雷特》的一句台詞：
"Like the painting of a sorrow, A face without a heart." (徒具悲傷之象，空有其表無真心)
最終，格雷認為自己已經有所改變——「I am going to be good…I am a little changed already.」，想要重新面對畫像中的自己，希冀他的靈魂不再墮落及醜惡：
"He went in quietly, locking the door behind him, as was his custom, and dragged the purple hanging from the portrait. A cry of pain and indignation broke from him. He could see no change, save that in the eyes there was a look of cunning and in the mouth the curved wrinkle of the hypocrite. The thing was still loathsome--more loathsome, if possible, than before--and the scarlet dew that spotted the hand seemed brighter, and more like blood newly spilled."
然而畫像毫無改變，甚至更令人憎惡，格雷於是拿起當初殺害畫家好友的刀子想要毀壞這幅畫像以求得到安寧：
“He looked round and saw the knife that had stabbed Basil Hallward. He had cleaned it many times, till there was no stain left upon it. It was bright, and glistened. As it had killed the painter, so it would kill the painter's work, and all that that meant. It would kill the past, and when that was dead, he would be free. It would kill this monstrous soul-life, and without its hideous warnings, he would be at peace. He seized the thing, and stabbed the picture with it.”
在一聲嚇人的尖叫聲中……大夥破窗而入，才發現…...
There was a cry heard, and a crash. The cry was so horrible in its agony that the frightened servants woke and crept out of their rooms….
When they entered, they found hanging upon the wall a splendid portrait of their master as they had last seen him, in all the wonder of his exquisite youth and beauty. Lying on the floor was a dead man, in evening dress, with a knife in his heart. He was withered, wrinkled, and loathsome of visage. It was not till they had examined the rings that they recognized who it was.
我們牢記著浮士德的結局，他的靈魂最終仍然得到拯救而被帶到了天國；
《化身博士》中的海德先生 (Mr. Hyde)，也應該早就隨著傑奇博士 (Dr. Jekyll) 服毒自盡而消失了吧 !
至於格雷終究無法逃離悲劇的宿命而無法成為背德的倖存者。
遙想百年前卡森律師那場敗壞道德的指控實在令我感到不可思議；
無論如何，《格雷的畫像》對我而言可說是最具有 ethical sympathies 的一本小說啊 !
【參考資料】
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray
The Picture of Dorian Gray
《奧斯卡‧王爾德自傳》-- 孫宜學譯
《凋謝的百合：王爾德畫像》-- 孫宜學
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迴響（3） ：
3樓. miki2012/01/17 00:00同感
王爾德文字給我的感受，跟波特萊爾的味道很像，
彷彿都在絢麗的表象中，包藏著真實的腐臭味。
很特殊~也很迷人。如果優美的文字是成就一個作家的必要條件le14nov 於 2012/01/17 21:59回覆
我想王爾德或波特萊爾的作品已經遠遠超過這個條件
確實，從文字底層透露出來的腐臭味總是不時地震撼著我們
如同波特萊爾的這一首〈腐屍〉：
是的，您將如此，優美之女王，
領過臨終聖禮之後，
當您步入草底和花下的晨光，
在累累白骨間腐朽。
那時，我的美人啊，告訴那些蛆，
接吻似的把您啃噬：
我的愛雖已解體，但我卻記住，
其形式和神聖本質！
2樓. 翔任2011/06/22 23:48我自己引過的句子都差點忘了說～
王爾德不愧是永遠的王爾德，或許他不是走「偉大」的路線（套用余光中對他的評語），但走的是「厲害」的路線。他比「偉大」的文學家更「厲害」！雖然這種邏輯很不通，但目前為止我是這樣看他的。
聽楊澤先生說過，他開過西方文學中的魔鬼這類的課程，<格雷的畫像>就是其中必讀的經典。王爾德透過作品丟下一大堆糾纏後人的藝術命題，惱人、棘手、切中要害。王爾德過著一種transgression的無度生活，在享受中如此，在牢獄中也如此。他是最接近耶穌的要求，也就是丟下田產跟隨主的人，雖然他信仰的是藝術。
可以讓翔任”溫故”而未必”知新”，相信這篇文章的初衷也算立意甚佳吧！
試著以普魯斯特為中心，相關的人事物為間距畫出不同大小的圓，於是我不斷地在這些圓裡頭打轉，企圖將它們填成實心。
《格雷的畫像》應該算是自己太晚遇到的”必讀的經典”，然而，這樣偶遇的驚喜確實增添不少閱讀的動力並轉化成新的 impetus。 le14nov 於 2011/06/23 08:22回覆
1樓. Rosy2011/06/22 12:12真巧。
上星期我也回頭去翻這本老書，原文版本寫得極好，使得翻譯者的文字很難表現出那樣的美感與韻律，我手邊有三冊不同譯本，朗誦時就有深刻的感覺：能把小說的用語寫得那樣優雅動人，真是太難得了。
或許是我讀得還不夠多？能讓我有這種感覺的歐洲作家，目前僅有王爾德、尼采兩人而已。
手邊的譯本是台灣商務出版
http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010263891
印刷精美且增加了很多相關的註解，應該是翻譯自國外的套書
談到歐洲作家的小說，我也不敢說讀得夠不夠多，文字優美的，除了普魯斯特、王爾德以外，倒是蠻推薦福樓拜、卡繆、紀德、尚‧惹內…(怎麼都是法國作家啊！
)
le14nov 於 2011/06/22 13:47回覆
