1. The Pilgrims wanted to separate from the established Church of England; the Puritans wished to purify the church from within.
Pilgrim: A pilgrim (from the Latin peregrinus) is a traveler (literally one who has come from afar) who is on a journey to a holy place.
The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England and the mother church of the worldwide Anglican Communion(聖公會:出了英國的英國國教). The church considers itself within the tradition of Western Christianity and dates its formal establishment principally to the mission to England by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in AD 597. As a result of Augustine's mission, the church in England came under the authority of the pope. Initially prompted by a dispute over the annulment of the marriage of King Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 and became the established church by an Act of Parliament in the Act of Supremacy, beginning a series of events known as the English Reformation.
美人心機 The Other Boleyn Girl (2008 film)
亨利八世為英國都鐸王朝(Tudor dynasty)第二任國王，最為人津津樂道的故事之一，就是他為了迎娶新皇后，不惜與當時擁有強大權力的羅馬天主教廷決裂，另立英國國教會(Church of England)，並讓自己成為其最高領袖。這一舉動，不但讓英國皇室的權力達到頂峰，英國經濟政治的重心也從教會轉移至貴族手中，促使英國成為一個生氣勃勃的新教國家，但這個大膽的決定，同時也成為爾後英國多年宗教紛爭與內鬥的起源。亨利八世正式的皇后一共有6位，除了最後1位因為比八亨利八世活得長而幸運躲過一劫外，其餘的皇后下場都不是很好，也因此為亨利八世博得冷血無情的名聲。亨利八世的第一任皇后凱薩琳(Catherine of Aragon)，是西班牙亞拉岡公主，因為一直未能生出男性的皇位繼承人，被迫與亨利八世離婚。育有一個女兒瑪麗公主。
第二任皇后：安‧博琳(Anne Boleyn)，是曾在法國受教育的宮中侍女，亨利八世就是為了娶她與羅馬教廷決裂。1533年6月，安‧博琳帶著身孕正式加冕為皇后，3個月後生下伊莉莎白公主，就是之後著名的伊莉莎白一世。但安‧博琳之後也是由於未能生下男性繼承人，而遭到亨利八世的厭棄，最後並被冠以通姦不貞的罪名遭到處決。(電影情節)
電影《美人心機》中，由娜塔莉波曼(Natalie Portman)飾演的安皇后。
The Puritans were a group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries, including, but not limited to, English Calvinists. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England.
2. Theatrical pieces was NOT a genre or type of text that appeared regularly in the body of literature produced by sixteenth-century Europeans involved in the exploration of America. The following is the genre of text that appeared in that century.
Propaganda is a form of communication aimed towards influencing the attitude of a population toward some cause or position.
American recruiting poster from World War I depicting Uncle Sam, the personification of the United States.
Political briefs meant to inform or influence policy decisions made at a distance
Subversive
3. The Spanish colonizers(美洲最早開發者) introduced African slavery into their colonies and forced the slaves to do the labor they had initially counted on Natives to perform.
4. The “new world” (一個大拼盤) can most usefully and accurately be thought of as: a genuinely new set of social relationships characterized by initial wonder, followed by cultural borrowing, political wrangling (政治角力), and resourceful exploitation, by all the peoples brought into contact with one another.
5. The Puritan doctrine of election is the belief that God had chosen (被選來受苦), before their birth, the people he would save and the people he would damn.
Predesting 命定
基於清教徒的背景(喝酒不好)，美國是西方社會具有最強烈禁酒情緒的國家之一（另一些是北歐國家）。美國禁酒令是依據1919年1月16日批准的美國憲法第十八修正案和1919年10月28日通過的沃爾斯泰德法（Volstead Act）來實行。在1920年1月16日第18憲法修正案生效日開始執行，由聯邦禁酒探員（警察）執法，而推行禁酒令的驅動力，主要來自於共和黨和禁酒黨。
大亨小傳 The Great Gatsby
Set in the prosperous Long Island of 1922, The Great Gatsby provides a critical social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its narrative. That era, known for unprecedented economic prosperity, the evolution of jazz music, flapper culture, and bootlegging and other criminal activity, is plausibly depicted in Fitzgerald's novel.
Jay Gatsby – a young, mysterious millionaire with shady business connections (later revealed to be a bootlegger 販賣私酒), originally from North Dakota. He is obsessed with Daisy Buchanan, a beautiful debutante, whom he had met when he was a young military officer stationed in the South during World War I. The character is based on the bootlegger and former World War I officer Max Gerlach, according to Some Sort of Epic Grandeur, Matthew J. Bruccoli's biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Gatsby is said to have briefly studied at Trinity College, Oxford in England after the end of World War I.
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Colonial Literature
詹姆斯鎮位於維吉尼亞半島的詹姆斯市縣，詹姆斯鎮是從英國國王詹姆士一世的名字而命名。
Anne Bradstreet (March 20, 1612 – September 16, 1672) was the first poet and first female writer in the British North American colonies to be published. Her first volume of poetry was The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, published in 1650. It was met with a positive reception in both the Old World and the New World.
The Author to Her Book 課本P119
Edward Taylor (1642 – June 29, 1729) was a colonial American poet, pastor and physician.
"Meditation Eight" [even though this is a metaphysical poem] is centered around the concept of God's being the living bread.
Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was a Puritan preacher, philosopher, and theologian. Edwards "is widely acknowledged to be America's most important and original philosophical theologian," and one of America's greatest intellectuals. His greatest work is Freedom of Will (1754). Edwards delivered the sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God", a classic of early American literature, during another revival in 1741, following George Whitefield's tour of the Thirteen Colonies.
The Revolutionary Period (1763-1810)
The Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence is the usual name of a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer a part of the British Empire.
Since then, it has become a well-known statement on human rights, particularly its second sentence:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the third President of the United States (1801–1809). He was a spokesman for democracy, and embraced the principles of republicanism and the rights of the individual with worldwide influence.
Benjamin Franklin FRS (January 17, 1706– April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and in many ways was "the First American". A world-renowned polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. He became wealthy publishing Poor Richard's Almanack and The Pennsylvania Gazette.
Common Sense (1776) 國家寶藏裡藏的就是這本書
For the American revolutionary war pamphlet by Thomas Paine. Common sense is a basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge things, which is shared by ("common to") nearly all people, and can be reasonably expected of nearly all people without any need for debate.
The Rights of Man(1791)
Rights of Man (1791), a book by Thomas Paine, including 31 articles, posits that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of its people. Using these points as a base it defends the French Revolution against Edmund Burke's attack in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
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