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介系詞 Prepositions/At
2007/01/06 00:15
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【作者/廖柏森,本文選自眾文圖書之《英文研究論文寫作-文法指引》】

介系詞用於表明字與字之間的各種關係,主要是引介具有名詞作用的字如名詞、代名詞、動名詞和名詞子句。介系詞並沒有複雜的文法觀念,而且數量也不多,可是用法卻很多樣,導致同學在寫作時往往以為介系詞很簡單而用錯。因篇幅有限,以下只就介系詞at詳加說明:

1.介系詞at可表一較為精確的「地點」

例如學校、機構、學術會議或地址等,例如:

at school(在學校)
at California State University(在加州州立大學)
at the 24th Annual TESOL Convention(在第24屆英語教學年會)

而在寫作時若要指示文本中的「位置」,用到at介系詞的情況有:

at the beginning of this thesis(在此論文的開頭)
at the outset of the book(在本書一開始)
at the end of this paper(在本文末)

再來看看例句:

The majority of the students had taken at least one previous composition class at the university.(這所大學大多數的學生之前至少有修過一門寫作課。)

Four survey responses came from individuals at two institutions.(有四份調查回應來自於兩個機構裡的成員。)

2.介系詞at也可用來表達「時間」上的一點

例如:

at 4:00 p.m.(於下午4點)
at times of difficulty(在困難時)

或表稍長的時段如:

at dawn(在黎明)
at noon(在中午)
at night(在晚上)

而在寫作上用得較多的是與時間相關的片語,其所指涉的時間通常較短,如:

at present/at the present time(目前)
at the moment(當下)

請看例句:

At the present time the two countries seem to be moving toward very different conclusions.(目前這兩個國家似乎朝向非常不同的結論。)

Only a very few rules can be consciously applied at any given time.(只有少數幾條規則是隨時能有意識地應用。)

3.介系詞at還可用以表達事物的價格、數值、程度和發展階段等,例如:

at the price of $300 per box(每盒300元的價錢)
at the speed of 60 kilometers per hour(每小時60公里的速度)
at the temperature of 1050°C(溫度攝氏1050度)

其所指涉的狀態都是相對較為特定的一點,例句如下:

The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.(平均數的顯著性差異是設在 .05的水準。)

Many students have significant spoken language needs at the advanced and professional levels.(許多學生都有高級和專業程度的口語能力高度需求。)

→同樣用at表達「程度」的片語還有at a very high level, at each level, at most levels, at lower levels, at the theoretical level, at the marcolevel等。

At this stage, the social and political climate should be carefully assessed in light of the results.(有鑑於此結果,在這階段對社會和政治的氣候應審慎評估。)

→同樣用at表達「階段」的片語還有at each stage, at some stage, at any one stage, at early stages, at a late stage, at a later stage等。

4.介系詞at還可以與其他詞類搭配形成慣用語

例如以下常用於論文寫作的句子:

The present study was aimed at a reexamination of the question of motivation at the theoretical level.(本研究旨在從理論層次重新檢視動機的問題。)

→動詞aimed與at搭配形成動詞片語,其義為「目標在於」,此句型常用於撰寫研究目的。

Many studies have arrived at similar conclusions.(許多研究都達至類似的結論。)

→動詞arrive與at搭配形成動詞片語,其義為「達到」,此句型常用於撰寫研究結論。

練習題:

請按中文句義填入適當的介系詞in/ at/ on/ during/ to/ except/ despite

‧His research had arrived ____________ a superficial discussion.(他的研究得出一膚淺的討論。)

解答:at

(系列七之四)

《英文研究論文寫作-文法指引》購書折扣

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