Introduction – Company Background

GuangXin Industrial Co., Ltd. is a specialized manufacturer dedicated to the development and production of high-quality insoles.

With a strong foundation in material science and footwear ergonomics, we serve as a trusted partner for global brands seeking reliable insole solutions that combine comfort, functionality, and design.

With years of experience in insole production and OEM/ODM services, GuangXin has successfully supported a wide range of clients across various industries—including sportswear, health & wellness, orthopedic care, and daily footwear.

From initial prototyping to mass production, we provide comprehensive support tailored to each client’s market and application needs.

At GuangXin, we are committed to quality, innovation, and sustainable development. Every insole we produce reflects our dedication to precision craftsmanship, forward-thinking design, and ESG-driven practices.

By integrating eco-friendly materials, clean production processes, and responsible sourcing, we help our partners meet both market demand and environmental goals.

Core Strengths in Insole Manufacturing

At GuangXin Industrial, our core strength lies in our deep expertise and versatility in insole and pillow manufacturing. We specialize in working with a wide range of materials, including PU (polyurethane), natural latex, and advanced graphene composites, to develop insoles and pillows that meet diverse performance, comfort, and health-support needs.

Whether it's cushioning, support, breathability, or antibacterial function, we tailor material selection to the exact requirements of each project-whether for foot wellness or ergonomic sleep products.

We provide end-to-end manufacturing capabilities under one roof—covering every stage from material sourcing and foaming, to precision molding, lamination, cutting, sewing, and strict quality control. This full-process control not only ensures product consistency and durability, but also allows for faster lead times and better customization flexibility.

With our flexible production capacity, we accommodate both small batch custom orders and high-volume mass production with equal efficiency. Whether you're a startup launching your first insole or pillow line, or a global brand scaling up to meet market demand, GuangXin is equipped to deliver reliable OEM/ODM solutions that grow with your business.

Customization & OEM/ODM Flexibility

GuangXin offers exceptional flexibility in customization and OEM/ODM services, empowering our partners to create insole products that truly align with their brand identity and target market. We develop insoles tailored to specific foot shapes, end-user needs, and regional market preferences, ensuring optimal fit and functionality.

Our team supports comprehensive branding solutions, including logo printing, custom packaging, and product integration support for marketing campaigns. Whether you're launching a new product line or upgrading an existing one, we help your vision come to life with attention to detail and consistent brand presentation.

With fast prototyping services and efficient lead times, GuangXin helps reduce your time-to-market and respond quickly to evolving trends or seasonal demands. From concept to final production, we offer agile support that keeps you ahead of the competition.

Quality Assurance & Certifications

Quality is at the heart of everything we do. GuangXin implements a rigorous quality control system at every stage of production—ensuring that each insole meets the highest standards of consistency, comfort, and durability.

We provide a variety of in-house and third-party testing options, including antibacterial performance, odor control, durability testing, and eco-safety verification, to meet the specific needs of our clients and markets.

Our products are fully compliant with international safety and environmental standards, such as REACH, RoHS, and other applicable export regulations. This ensures seamless entry into global markets while supporting your ESG and product safety commitments.

ESG-Oriented Sustainable Production

At GuangXin Industrial, we are committed to integrating ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) values into every step of our manufacturing process. We actively pursue eco-conscious practices by utilizing eco-friendly materials and adopting low-carbon production methods to reduce environmental impact.

To support circular economy goals, we offer recycled and upcycled material options, including innovative applications such as recycled glass and repurposed LCD panel glass. These materials are processed using advanced techniques to retain performance while reducing waste—contributing to a more sustainable supply chain.

We also work closely with our partners to support their ESG compliance and sustainability reporting needs, providing documentation, traceability, and material data upon request. Whether you're aiming to meet corporate sustainability targets or align with global green regulations, GuangXin is your trusted manufacturing ally in building a better, greener future.

Let’s Build Your Next Insole Success Together

Looking for a reliable insole manufacturing partner that understands customization, quality, and flexibility? GuangXin Industrial Co., Ltd. specializes in high-performance insole production, offering tailored solutions for brands across the globe. Whether you're launching a new insole collection or expanding your existing product line, we provide OEM/ODM services built around your unique design and performance goals.

From small-batch custom orders to full-scale mass production, our flexible insole manufacturing capabilities adapt to your business needs. With expertise in PU, latex, and graphene insole materials, we turn ideas into functional, comfortable, and market-ready insoles that deliver value.

Contact us today to discuss your next insole project. Let GuangXin help you create custom insoles that stand out, perform better, and reflect your brand’s commitment to comfort, quality, and sustainability.

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Are you looking for a trusted and experienced manufacturing partner that can bring your comfort-focused product ideas to life? GuangXin Industrial Co., Ltd. is your ideal OEM/ODM supplier, specializing in insole production, pillow manufacturing, and advanced graphene product design.

With decades of experience in insole OEM/ODM, we provide full-service manufacturing—from PU and latex to cutting-edge graphene-infused insoles—customized to meet your performance, support, and breathability requirements. Our production process is vertically integrated, covering everything from material sourcing and foaming to molding, cutting, and strict quality control.Cushion insole OEM solution Thailand

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We are especially proud to lead the way in ESG-driven insole development. Through the use of recycled materials—such as repurposed LCD glass—and low-carbon production processes, we help our partners meet sustainability goals without compromising product quality. Our ESG insole solutions are designed not only for comfort but also for compliance with global environmental standards.Indonesia insole ODM service provider

At GuangXin, we don’t just manufacture products—we create long-term value for your brand. Whether you're developing your first product line or scaling up globally, our flexible production capabilities and collaborative approach will help you go further, faster.PU insole OEM production factory in Taiwan

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Dogs extract words from continuous speech using similar computations and brain regions as humans do, a new study combining EEG and fMRI by researchers from the Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University (Hungary) finds. Credit: Grzegorz Eliasiewicz Dogs extract words from continuous speech using similar computations and brain regions as humans do, a new study combining EEG and fMRI by researchers from the Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University (Hungary) finds. This is the first demonstration of the capacity to use complex statistics to learn about word boundaries in a non-human mammal. Human infants can spot new words in a speech stream much before they learn what those words mean. To tell where a word ends and another one begins, infants make complex calculations to keep track of syllable patterning: syllables that usually appear together are probably words, and those that do not probably aren’t. A new brain imaging study by Hungarian researchers discovered that dogs may also recognize such complex regularities in speech. “Keeping track of patterns is not unique to humans: many animals learn from such regularities in the surrounding world, this is called statistical learning. What makes speech special is that its efficient processing requires complex computations. Dog under EEG experiment. Credit: Grzegorz Eliasiewicz To learn new words from continuous speech, it is not enough to count how often certain syllables occur together. It is much more efficient to calculate how probably those syllables occur together. This is exactly how humans, even 8-month-old infants, solve the seemingly difficult task of word segmentation: they calculate complex statistics about the probability of one syllable following the other,” explains Marianna Boros, one of the lead authors of the study, and a postdoctoral researcher at the Neuroethology of Communication Lab, Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University. “Until now we did not know if any other mammal can also use such complex computations to extract words from speech. We decided to test family dogs’ brain capacities for statistical learning from speech. Dogs are the earliest domesticated animal species and probably the one we speak most often to. Still, we know very little about the neural processes underlying their word learning capacities.” “To find out what kind of statistics dogs calculate when they listen to speech, first we measured their electric brain activity using EEG,” says Lilla Magyari, the other lead author, postdoctoral researcher in the same research group, who had laid the methodological foundations of performing non-invasive electrophysiology on awake, untrained, cooperating dogs. “Interestingly, we saw differences in dogs’ brain waves for frequent compared to rare words. But even more surprisingly, we also saw brain wave differences for syllables that always occurred together compared to syllables that only occasionally did, even if total frequencies were the same. So it turns out that dogs keep track not only of simple statistics (the number of times a word occurs) but also of complex statistics (the probability that a word’s syllables occur together). This has never been seen in other non-human mammals before. It is exactly the kind of complex statistics human infants use to extract words from continuous speech.” To explore how similar the responsible brain regions behind this complex computational capacity in dogs are to those in humans, researchers also tested dogs using functional MRI. This test was also performed on awake, cooperating, unrestrained animals. For fMRI, dogs were previously trained to lay motionless for the time of the measurements. Dog before fMRI with a trainer. Credit: Grzegorz Eliasiewicz “We know that in humans both general learning-related and language-related brain regions participate in this process. And we found the same duality in dogs,” explains Boros. “Both a generalist and a specialist brain region seemed to be involved in statistical learning from speech, but the activation patterns were different in the two. The generalist brain region, the so-called basal ganglia, responded stronger to a random speech stream (where no words could be spotted using syllable statistics) than to a structured speech stream (where words were easy to spot just by computing syllable statistics). The specialist brain region, the so-called auditory cortex, that in humans plays a key role in statistical learning from speech, showed a different pattern: here we saw brain activity increase over time for the structured but not for the random speech stream. We believe that this activity increase is the trace word learning leaves on the auditory cortex.” “We now begin to understand that some computational and neural processes that are known to be instrumental for human language acquisition may not be unique to humans after all,” says Attila Andics, principal investigator of the Neuroethology of Communication Lab. “But we still don’t know how these human-analog brain mechanisms for word learning emerged in dogs. Do they reflect skills that developed by living in a language-rich environment, or during the thousands of years of domestication, or do they represent an ancient mammalian capacity? We see that by studying speech processing in dogs, even better dog breeds with different communication abilities, and other species living close to humans, we can trace back the origins of human specializations for speech perception.” Reference: “Neural processes underlying statistical learning for speech segmentation in dogs” by Marianna Boros, Lilla Magyari, Dávid Török, Anett Bozsik, Andrea Deme and Attila Andics, 29 October 2021, Current Biology. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.017 This research was funded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd Research Network (’Lendület’ Program), the European Research Council (ERC) and the Ministry for Innovation and Technology.

The Human Pangenome Reference Consortium has made significant progress in creating a more inclusive human reference genome by assembling genomic sequences of 47 individuals from around the world. The original human reference genome was based on data from a single individual of African-European background, limiting its representation of genetic diversity. This new pangenome, which renders over 99% of each sequence with high accuracy, reveals almost 120 million DNA base pairs previously unseen. By providing a more accurate representation of human genetic diversity, researchers can refine their understanding of the link between genes and diseases, accelerate clinical research, and ultimately help address health disparities. In a major advance, scientists have assembled genomic sequences of 47 people from diverse backgrounds to create a pangenome, which offers a more accurate representation of human genetic diversity than the existing reference genome. This new pangenome will help researchers refine their understanding of the link between genes and diseases, and could ultimately help address health disparities. For more than 20 years, scientists have relied on the human reference genome, a consensus genetic sequence, as a standard against which to compare other genetic data. Used in countless studies, the reference genome has made it possible to identify genes implicated in specific diseases and trace the evolution of human traits, among other things. But it has always been a flawed tool. One of its biggest problems is that about 70 percent of its data came from a single man of predominantly African-European background whose DNA was sequenced during the Human Genome Project, the first effort to capture all of a person’s DNA. As a result, it can tell us little about the 0.2 to one percent of genetic sequence that makes each of the seven billion people on this planet different from each other, creating an inherent bias in biomedical data believed to be responsible for some of the health disparities affecting patients today. Many genetic variants found in non-European populations, for instance, aren’t represented in the reference genome at all. The new draft pangenome reference contains 47 genomes instead of just one, and will provide a much better point of comparison than the traditional reference to find and understand the differences in our DNA. Credit: National Human Genome Research Institute For years, researchers have called for a resource more inclusive of human diversity with which to diagnose diseases and guide medical treatments. Now scientists with the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium have made groundbreaking progress in characterizing the fraction of human DNA that varies between individuals. As they recently published in Nature, they’ve assembled genomic sequences of 47 people from around the world into a so-called pangenome in which more than 99 percent of each sequence is rendered with high accuracy. Layered upon each other, these sequences revealed nearly 120 million DNA base pairs that were previously unseen. While it’s still a work in progress, the pangenome is public and can be used by scientists around the world as a new standard human genome reference, says The Rockefeller University’s Erich D. Jarvis, one of the primary investigators. “This complex genomic collection represents significantly more accurate human genetic diversity than has ever been captured before,” he says. “With a greater breadth and depth of genetic data at their disposal, and greater quality of genome assemblies, researchers can refine their understanding of the link between genes and disease traits, and accelerate clinical research.” Sourcing Diversity Completed in 2003, the first draft of the human genome was relatively imprecise, but it became sharper over the years thanks to filled-in gaps, corrected errors, and advancing sequencing technology. Another milestone was reached last year, when the final eight percent of the genome—mainly tightly coiled DNA that doesn’t code for protein and repetitive DNA regions—was finally sequenced. Despite this progress, the reference genome remained imperfect, especially with respect to the critical 0.2 to one percent of DNA representing diversity. The Human Pangenome Reference Consortium (HPRC), a government-funded collaboration between more than a dozen research institutions in the United States and Europe, was launched in 2019 to address this problem. At the time, Jarvis, one of the consortium’s leaders, was honing advanced sequencing and computational methods through the Vertebrate Genomes Project, which aims to sequence all 70,000 vertebrate species. His and other collaborating labs decided to apply these advances for high-quality diploid genome assemblies to revealing the variation within a single vertebrate: Homo sapiens. To collect a diversity of samples, the researchers turned to the 1000 Genomes Project, a public database of sequenced human genomes that includes more than 2500 individuals representing 26 geographically and ethnically varied populations. Most of the samples come from Africa, home to the planet’s largest human diversity. “In many other large human genome diversity projects, the scientists selected mostly European samples,” Jarvis says. “We made a purposeful effort to do the opposite. We were trying to counteract the biases of the past.” It’s likely that gene variants that could inform our knowledge of both common and rare diseases can be found among these populations. Mom, Dad, and Child But to broaden the gene pool, the researchers had to create crisper, clearer sequences of each individual–and the approaches developed by members of the Vertebrate Genome Project and associated consortiums were used to solve a longstanding technical problem in the field. Every person inherits one genome from each parent, which is how we end up with two copies of every chromosome, giving us what’s known as a diploid genome. And when a person’s genome is sequenced, teasing apart parental DNA can be challenging. Older techniques and algorithms have routinely made errors when merging parental genetic data for an individual, resulting in a cloudy view. “The differences between mom’s and dad’s chromosomes are bigger than most people realize,” Jarvis says. “Mom may have 20 copies of a gene and dad only two.” With so many genomes represented in a pangenome, that cloudiness threatened to develop into a thunderstorm of confusion. So the HPRC homed in a method developed by Adam Phillippy and Sergey Koren at the National Institutes of Health on parent-child “trios”—a mother, a father, and a child whose genomes had all been sequenced. Using the data from mom and dad, they were able to clear up the lines of inheritance and arrive at a higher-quality sequence for the child, which they then used for pangenome analysis. New Variations The researchers’ analysis of 47 people yielded 94 distinct genome sequences, two for each set of chromosomes, plus the sex Y chromosome in males. They then used advanced computational techniques to align and layer the 94 sequences. Of the 120 million DNA base pairs that were previously unseen or in a different location than they were noted to be in the previous reference, about 90 million derive from structural variations, which are differences in people’s DNA that arise when chunks of chromosomes are rearranged—moved, deleted, inverted, or with extra copies from duplications. It’s an important discovery, Jarvis notes, because studies in recent years have established that structural variants play a major role in human health, as well as in population-specific diversity. “They can have dramatic effects on trait differences, disease, and gene function,” he says. “With so many new ones identified, there’s going to be a lot of new discoveries that weren’t possible before.” Filling Gaps The pangenome assembly also fills in gaps that were due to repetitive sequences or duplicated genes. One example is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a cluster of genes that code proteins on the surface of cells that help the immune system recognize antigens, such as those from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. “They’re really important, but it was impossible to study MHC diversity using the older sequencing methods,” Jarvis says. “We’re seeing much greater diversity than we expected. This new information will help us understand how immune responses against specific pathogens vary among people.” It could also lead to better methods to match organ transplant donors with and patients, or identify people at risk for developing autoimmune disease. The team has also uncovered surprising new characteristics of centromeres, which lie at the cruxes of chromosomes and conduct cell division, pulling apart as cells duplicate. Mutations in centromeres can lead to cancers and other diseases. Despite having highly repetitive DNA sequences, “centromeres are so diverse from one haplotype to another, that they can account for more than 50 percent of the genetic differences between people or maternal and paternal haplotypes even within one individual,” Jarvis says. “The centromeres seem to be one of the most rapidly evolving parts of the chromosome.” Relationship building The current 47-people pangenome is just a starting point, however. The HPRC’s ultimate goal is to produce high-quality, nearly error-free genomes from at least 350 individuals from diverse populations by mid-2024, a milestone that would make it possible to capture rare alleles that confer important adaptive traits. Tibetans, for example, have alleles related to oxygen use and UV light exposure that enable them to live at high altitudes. A major challenge in collecting this data will be to gain trust from communities that have seen past abuses of biological data; for example, there are no samples in the current study from Native American nor Aboriginal peoples, who have long been disregarded or exploited by scientific studies. But you don’t have to go far back in time to find examples of unethical use of genetic data: Just a few years ago, DNA samples from thousands of Africans in multiple countries were commercialized without the donors’ knowledge, consent, or benefit. These offenses have sown mistrust against scientists among many populations. But by not being included, some of these groups could remain genetically obscure, leading to a perpetuation of the biases in the data—and to continued disparities in health outcomes. “It’s a complex situation that’s going to require a lot of relationship building,” Jarvis says. “There’s greater sensitivity now.” And even today, many groups are willing to participate. “There are individuals, institutions, and governmental bodies from different countries who are saying, ‘We want to be part of this. We want our population to be represented,’” Jarvis says. “We’re already making progress.” For more on this breakthrough, see Human Pangenome Reference: A Deeper Understanding of Worldwide Genomic Diversity. References: “A draft human pangenome reference” by Wen-Wei Liao, Mobin Asri, Jana Ebler, Daniel Doerr, Marina Haukness, Glenn Hickey, Shuangjia Lu, Julian K. Lucas, Jean Monlong, Haley J. Abel, Silvia Buonaiuto, Xian H. Chang, Haoyu Cheng, Justin Chu, Vincenza Colonna, Jordan M. Eizenga, Xiaowen Feng, Christian Fischer, Robert S. Fulton, Shilpa Garg, Cristian Groza, Andrea Guarracino, William T. Harvey, Simon Heumos, Kerstin Howe, Miten Jain, Tsung-Yu Lu, Charles Markello, Fergal J. Martin, Matthew W. Mitchell, Katherine M. Munson, Moses Njagi Mwaniki, Adam M. Novak, Hugh E. Olsen, Trevor Pesout, David Porubsky, Pjotr Prins, Jonas A. Sibbesen, Jouni Sirén, Chad Tomlinson, Flavia Villani, Mitchell R. Vollger, Lucinda L. Antonacci-Fulton, Gunjan Baid, Carl A. Baker, Anastasiya Belyaeva, Konstantinos Billis, Andrew Carroll, Pi-Chuan Chang, Sarah Cody, Daniel E. Cook, Robert M. Cook-Deegan, Omar E. Cornejo, Mark Diekhans, Peter Ebert, Susan Fairley, Olivier Fedrigo, Adam L. Felsenfeld, Giulio Formenti, Adam Frankish, Yan Gao, Nanibaa’ A. Garrison, Carlos Garcia Giron, Richard E. Green, Leanne Haggerty, Kendra Hoekzema, Thibaut Hourlier, Hanlee P. Ji, Eimear E. Kenny, Barbara A. Koenig, Alexey Kolesnikov, Jan O. Korbel, Jennifer Kordosky, Sergey Koren, HoJoon Lee, Alexandra P. Lewis, Hugo Magalhães, Santiago Marco-Sola, Pierre Marijon, Ann McCartney, Jennifer McDaniel, Jacquelyn Mountcastle, Maria Nattestad, Sergey Nurk, Nathan D. Olson, Alice B. Popejoy, Daniela Puiu, Mikko Rautiainen, Allison A. Regier, Arang Rhie, Samuel Sacco, Ashley D. Sanders, Valerie A. Schneider, Baergen I. Schultz, Kishwar Shafin, Michael W. Smith, Heidi J. Sofia, Ahmad N. Abou Tayoun, Françoise Thibaud-Nissen, Francesca Floriana Tricomi, Justin Wagner, Brian Walenz, Jonathan M. D. Wood, Aleksey V. Zimin, Guillaume Bourque, Mark J. P. Chaisson, Paul Flicek, Adam M. Phillippy, Justin M. Zook, Evan E. Eichler, David Haussler, Ting Wang, Erich D. Jarvis, Karen H. Miga, Erik Garrison, Tobias Marschall, Ira M. Hall, Heng Li and Benedict Paten, 10 May 2023, Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05896-x “Increased mutation rate and gene conversion within human segmental duplications” by Mitchell R. Vollger, Philip C. Dishuck, William T. Harvey, William S. DeWitt, Xavi Guitart, Michael E. Goldberg, Allison N. Rozanski, Julian Lucas, Mobin Asri, Human Pangenome Reference Consortium, Katherine M. Munson, Alexandra P. Lewis, Kendra Hoekzema, Glennis A. Logsdon, David Porubsky, Benedict Paten, Kelley Harris, PingHsun Hsieh and Evan E. Eichler, 10 May 2023. Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05895-y

Scientists working on the MOSAiC ice floe in the Arctic Ocean. Credit: Marcel Nicolaus / Alfred-Wegener-Institute (AWI) A New Dataset Provides an Important Glimpse Into Arctic Ecosystems A major new project will help to monitor biodiversity change in the Arctic Ocean and guide conservation efforts by identifying unique species and calculating their extinction risk. The Alfred-Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar- and Marine Research (AWI) in Germany and the University of East Anglia (UEA) in the UK jointly led the development of the EcoOmics dataset, which will support bioprospecting to address the shortage of antibiotics and antiviral medications as well as reveal evidence of novel biology that may affect our understanding of the evolution of life on Earth. “Those organisms are likely a treasure trove for discovering novel biology because of their unique adaptation.” Prof. Thomas Mock The group, which consists of scientists from the German Helmholtz Association, the German Research Foundation (DFG), the Joint Genome Institute (JGI, USA), and the Earlham Institute (UK), among other organizations, describes the project and early results in the journal PLOS Biology. EcoOmics, the first large ‘omics’ or genome sequence dataset for any polar environment, shows a year in the biological life of the central Arctic Ocean, with a focus on microbiomes, communities of microorganisms living together in a habitat. The Arctic Ocean acts as a gauge of the impacts of climate change as well as the persistence of biodiversity on our planet. Arctic ecosystems are among those most affected by global warming. However, the Arctic, particularly the middle Arctic Ocean, continues to be one of the least studied regions owing to logistical and accessibility issues. Red light used during sea ice coring. Allison Fong conducts an ice coring on the MOSAiC ice floe. Credit: Alfred-Wegener-Institute / Esther Horvath CC BY 4.0 The MOSAiC Expedition: Unprecedented Polar Research The work by the EcoOmics team aims to address this, providing an ‘open access’ genomic resource for the scientific community. It uses data from samples gathered during the ground-breaking Multi-Disciplinary drifting Observatory for the study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) program, which took place from September 2019 to October 2020. The largest polar expedition in history, it saw the research ship the RV Polarstern frozen into the Arctic sea ice and drift across the top of the Arctic Ocean. Hundreds of scientists conducted a range of coordinated marine, atmospheric, sea-ice related, and other research dedicated to improving our understanding of the role of the Arctic Ocean in climate processes. Prof. Thomas Mock, of UEA’s School of Environmental Sciences, co-leads the EcoOmics project with Dr. Katja Metfies from the AWI. With winds gusting faster than 15 m/s and ambient air temperatures well below freezing, Lei Wang (l) and Michael Angelopoulos (r) examine a sea-ice core. Using a small cordless drill, they insert tiny holes into the centre of the ice core at regularly spaced intervals for measuring the temperature of sea ice with a digital sensor. Temperature is one of the variables needed to estimate the sea ice’s permeability for gas exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean. Under such harsh conditions, even reporting the temperature data in a book is a challenging task. Credit: Alfred-Wegener-Institute / Esther Horvath CC BY 4.0 Unveiling Novel Biology in the Arctic Ocean “This is the first and largest effort to sequence the central Arctic Ocean through space and time,” said Prof. Mock. “It provides the first evidence of novel biology as the work was done in an area that has never been studied ever before using multi-omics technology, that is, sequencing of genes, genomes, and transcriptomes from natural microbial communities from the surface to the deep central Arctic Ocean. Dr. Metfies said: “This dataset will give us an unprecedented insight into the relevance of sea ice and its associated organisms to sustain the functionality and services of the Arctic marine ecosystem, which is facing the drastic pressure of climate change. “MOSAiC gives us an important glimpse into the future of Arctic ecosystems beyond 2050 when the Arctic Ocean is predicted to be ice-free during summer. This integrative scientific approach is unprecedented for polar oceans, but it is needed to improve our projections of interacting species’ responses to climate change in the Arctic.” Sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. Credit: Martin Radenz (Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung) Sea Ice Microbes and Climate Feedback In particular, marine microbes in sea ice and seawater are a cornerstone in this ecosystem and play pivotal roles in climate feedback and in sustaining food webs, which are central for conservation and ecosystem services such as providing a habitat for species including fisheries. Microbes also serve as biological indicators due to their fast adaptive response to environmental change. Initial results from the MOSAiC EcoOmics group provide the first evidence of habitat filtering in the Arctic Ocean, which describes the process by which habitat characteristics select for species adapted to them. It also revealed that the central Arctic Ocean is a “treasure trove” for discovering novel biology which has possibly evolved because of adaptive processes required to thrive in this harsh and understudied environment. “MOSAiC EcoOmics is well placed to build the most comprehensive and integrative genetic and genomic inventory of any polar ecosystem on Earth,” said Prof. Mock. “EcoOmics will contribute to conservation efforts and extend fundamental questions in biology including the evolution of life on planet Earth, which remains incomplete unless polar organisms are considered. “Those organisms are likely a treasure trove for discovering novel biology because of their unique adaptation. How our understanding of global biodiversity will be influenced by novel polar biology remains to be seen, but our preliminary insights hold great promise.” Reference: “Multiomics in the central Arctic Ocean for benchmarking biodiversity change” by Thomas Mock, William Boulton, John-Paul Balmonte, Kevin Barry, Stefan Bertilsson, Jeff Bowman, Moritz Buck, Gunnar Bratbak, Emelia J. Chamberlain, Michael Cunliffe, Jessie Creamean, Oliver Ebenhöh, Sarah Lena Eggers, Allison A. Fong, Jessie Gardner, Rolf Gradinger, Mats A. Granskog, Charlotte Havermans, Thomas Hill, Clara J. M. Hoppe, Kerstin Korte, Aud Larsen, Oliver Müller, Anja Nicolaus, Ellen Oldenburg, Ovidiu Popa, Swantje Rogge, Hendrik Schäfer, Katyanne Shoemaker, Pauline Snoeijs-Leijonmalm, Anders Torstensson, Klaus Valentin, Anna Vader, Kerrie Barry, I.-M. A. Chen, Alicia Clum, Alex Copeland, Chris Daum, Emiley Eloe-Fadrosh, Brian Foster, Bryce Foster, Igor V. Grigoriev, Marcel Huntemann, Natalia Ivanova, Alan Kuo, Nikos C. Kyrpides, Supratim Mukherjee, Krishnaveni Palaniappan, T. B. K. Reddy, Asaf Salamov, Simon Roux, Neha Varghese, Tanja Woyke, Dongying Wu, Richard M. Leggett, Vincent Moulton and Katja Metfies, 17 October 2022, PLOS Biology. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001835 The study was funded by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, the German Research Foundation, the USA Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, the US National Science Foundation, the USA Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement and Atmospheric System Research, the Natural Environment Research Council UK, the Research Council of Norway, the European Commission, the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Scientific Council FORMAS, and the Leverhulme Trust.

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