Nathaniel Hawthorne: Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American novelist and short story writer.

He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and the former Elizabeth Clarke Manning. His ancestors include John Hathorne, the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never repented of his actions. Nathaniel later added a "w" to make his name "Hawthorne" in order to hide this relation.

Salem 曾是個海港，現困於淤積已不是

Inherited guilt & original sin: Original sin, also called ancestral sin, is the Christian doctrine of humanity's state of sin resulting from the fall of man, stemming from Adam's rebellion in Eden. 遠祖殺了人，覺得自己也殺人

Tennessee Williams: Thomas Lanier "Tennessee" Williams III was an American playwright and author of many stage classics. After years of obscurity, he became suddenly famous with The Glass Menagerie (1944), closely reflecting his own unhappy family background. This heralded a string of successes, including A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Orpheus Descending, and Sweet Bird of Youth. His later work attempted a new style that did not appeal to audiences, and alcohol and drug dependence further inhibited his creative output. Williams adapted much of his best work for the cinema, and also wrote short stories, poetry, essays and a volume of memoirs. In 1979, four years before his death, he was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.

A Streetcar Named Desire (play): A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1947 play written by American playwright Tennessee Williams for which he received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1948.

文學與城市

※New Orleans: New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music (particularly as the birthplace of jazz), and its annual celebrations and festivals. Jazz 起源地，The city's streetcars were also featured in the Tennessee Williams play, A Streetcar Named Desire. The streetcar line to Desire Street became a bus line in 1948. There are proposals to revive a Desire streetcar line, running along the neutral grounds of North Rampart and St. Claude, as far downriver as Poland Avenue, near the Industrial Canal.(慾望街車)

※Boston:

Old North Church:　 Old North Church (officially, Christ Church in the City of Boston), at 193 Salem Street, in the North End of Boston, is the location from which the famous "One if by land, and two if by sea" signal is said to have been sent. This phrase is related to Paul Revere's midnight ride, of April 18, 1775, which preceded the Battles of Lexington and Concord during the American Revolution.　

※Jamestown: 美國第一個殖民地上永久的城市。The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.　

※Virginia: Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" due to its status as a former dominion of the English Crown, and "Mother of Presidents" due to the most U.S. presidents having been born there.　出了８位總統，說自己不是北方也不是南方人。　

Virginia voted to secede from the United States on April 17, 1861, after the Battle of Fort Sumter and Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers. On April 24, Virginia joined the Confederate States of America, which chose Richmond as its capital.　（南北戰爭打出第一砲的地方。）　

※St. Augustine, Florida: St. Augustine is a city in Northeast Florida and the oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement and port in the continental United States. 北美第一個永久城市

Rip Van Winkle

Certain it is that he was a great favorite among all the good wives of the village, who, as usual with the amiable sex, took his part in all family squabbles, and never failed, whenever they talked those matters over in their evening gossipings, to lay all the blame on Dame Van Winkle.

His son Rip, an urchin begotten in his own likeness, promised to inherit the habits, with the old clothes of his father. He was generally seen trooping like a colt….

Poor Rip was at last reduced almost to despair; and his only alternative to escape from the labour of the farm and the clamour of his wife, was to take gun in hand, and stroll away into the woods. 逃走，森林強調一種自由　

flagon, boot 酒的代稱

Congress美國國會 Parliament英國國會

Climax: “God knows,” exclaimed he, at his wit’s end; “I’m not my self- I’m somebody else- that ‘s me yonder- no- that’s somebody else, got into my shoes- I was myself last night, but I fell asleep on the mountain, and they’ve changed my gun and every thing’s changed, and I ‘m changed, and I can’t tell what’s my name, or who I am!” 對新興國家的恐慌，對自己的不確定

American Literature 1820-1865

This volume of The Norton Anthology of American Literature presents works by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, Frederick Douglass, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Henry David Thoreau, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and their contemporaries.

Benjamin Franklin says in his Autobiography about his efforts to subdue his pride: Disguise it, struggle with it, beat it down, stifle it, mortify it as much as one pleases, it is still alive, and will every now and then peep out and show itself.”

But the emergence of internationally acclaimed writers like Irving, Bryant, and Cooper also helped open up new literary opportunities for American writers, even as they would continue to have to compete with English writers for markets and prestige.

雜誌等造成美國文學短篇小說的興起