爭端解決總說
(一) GATT之爭端解決程序
於GATT當中，針對爭端解決程序所設定之條文為：第二十二條及第二十三條。1 根據GATT第二十二條規定：
一、每一締約國(contracting party)及其之相對方(such representations as may be made by another contracting party)，關於任何影響影響協定運作之事項(with respect to any matter affecting the operatin of this Agreement)，需給予(accord)具有謹慎之考量(sympathetic consideration)，並對於諮商負擔充分之機會(adequate opportunity)。
二、整體締約國(contracting parties)將在任一當事國(contracting party)之要求下，對於關於(in respect of)任何事項將無法透過第一項下之諮商，尋求滿意之解決方法之情況下，與其他一方或多方之締約國進行諮商。
GATT第二十三條，則為GATT之主要爭端解決程序之規定。根據GATT第二十三條第一項規定：任何締約國應考量，於此協定下對於締約國直接或間接產生之優勢(benefit)，正在被消滅(nullified)或減損(impaired)，或是此協定之目標之實踐(attainment)正在被阻礙(impeded)，以上之情形為由以下之因素所造成之結果(as the result of)：
(a)另一方之締約國未實施(the failure of another contracting party to carry out)其在此協定下之責任
(b)其他締約國之任何措施之適用，而不論其是否與本協定之條款相違背(whether or not it conflicts with the provisions of this Agreement)
(c)任何其他條件存在之情況(the existence of any other situation)
締約國可採用，針對事務進行滿意調整之觀點(with a view to the satisfactory adjustment of the matter)，對於締約國本身認為，與此議題相關之其他締約國一方或多方，提出書面之陳述或提案(written representations or proposals)。任何因此接受到此提議之締約國，需給予針對接受到此提議之締約國所做出之陳述或提案，給予謹慎之考量。
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1947) Article XXII：“ 1. Each contracting party shall accord sympathetic consideration to, and shall afford adequate opportunity for consultation regarding, such representations as may be made by another contracting party with respect to any matter affecting the operation of this Agreement. ”
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1947) Article XXII：“ 2. The CONTRACTING PARTIES may, at the request of a contracting party, consult with any contracting party or parties in respect of any matter for which it has not been possible to find a satisfactory solution through consultation under paragraph 1.”
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1947) Article XXIII：
“ 1. If any contracting party should consider that any benefit accruing to it directly or indirectly under this Agreement is being nullified or impaired or that the attainment of any objective of the Agreement is being impeded as the result of
(a) the failure of another contracting party to carry out its obligations under this Agreement, or
(b) the application by another contracting party of any measure, whether or not it conflicts with the provisions of this Agreement, or
(c) the existence of any other situation,
the contracting party may, with a view to the satisfactory adjustment of the matter, make written representations or proposals to the other contracting party or parties which it considers to be concerned. Any contracting party thus approached shall give sympathetic consideration to the representations or proposals made to it. ”
參考文獻
1、羅昌發，《國際貿易法：世界貿易組織下之法律新秩序 國際經貿法研究(五)》二版，臺北市：元照，2010年9月，頁665
