我讀“攝取紅肉和肉類加工品的致癌性”報告
[英文標題] Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat
出處: The Lancet Oncology, 2015 (Published Online October 26, 2015)
Link: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2815%2900444-1/abstract
雖然這篇文章來自The Lancet Oncology,說明世界衛生組織(WHO)國際癌症研究機構(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)的一份最新,關於紅肉和加工肉品的致癌性報告,但真正的資料則來自於美國癌症研究機構(The American Institute for Cancer Research, AICR)。
WHO的官方文件(英文版): IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat
網址: www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf
Lancet Oncology的文章開頭其實說明了紅肉是有其營養價值的~
紅肉含有高生理價值蛋白質和重要的微量營養素,如B群維生素、鐵質(游離鐵與血基質鐵),和鋅。
Red meat contains high biological-value proteins and important micronutrients such as B vitamins, iron (both free iron and haem iron), and zinc.
... *&^%$#@ ...... 中間省略
一份整理了10份世代研究(Cohort Study)的大腸直腸癌的整合分析(meta-analysis)報告顯示有統計學上明顯的劑量 - 反應關係:
- 每天每100公克紅肉,會增加17%的罹癌危險性(95% CI 1·05–1·31)
- 每天每50公克加工紅肉,會增加18%的罹癌危險性(95% CI 1·10–1·28)
A meta-analysis of colorectal cancer in ten cohort studies reported a statistically significant dose–response relationship, with a 17% increased risk (95% CI 1·05–1·31) per 100 g per day of red meat and an 18% increase (95% CI 1·10–1·28) per 50 g per day of processed meat.
中間關於研究報告的說明、機轉的探討,幾乎是二頁密密麻麻的英文,就不在此贅述了。
重點是文章如此總結:
總體而言,
- 工作小組基於大腸癌的研究的證據充足,將攝取加工肉品(processed meat),歸類為“人類的致癌物”(1級)。此外,攝取加工肉品被發現與胃癌有正相關性。
- 工作小組將攝取紅肉歸類為“人類的可能癌物”(2A級)。
Overall, the Working Group classified consumption of processed meat as “carcinogenic to humans” (Group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence for colorectal cancer. Additionally, a positive association with the consumption of processed meat was found for stomach cancer. The Working Group classified consumption of red meat as “probably carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2A).
為做出評斷,工作小組考慮了所有的相關數據,其中包括大量的流行病學資料,顯示
- 攝取紅肉和大腸直腸癌之間有正相關性,且有強烈的機理證據(strong mechanistic evidence)。
- 攝取紅肉也與胰臟癌與前列腺癌有關。
In making this evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration all the relevant data, including the substantial epidemiological data showing a positive association between consumption of red meat and colorectal cancer and the strong mechanistic evidence. Consumption of red meat was also positively associated with pancreatic and with prostate cancer.
趙強的結論:
一、少吃紅肉:
- 紅肉其實有其營養價值,依據AICR的《食物、營養、身體活動和癌症預防》,
每人每周攝取熟紅肉500公克(生肉為700公克)以內,是沒問題的。(十大建議第五條) - 若將500公克熟紅肉分配為7天食用,每人每天吃70公克以內,大約相當於營養師教學使用的食物代換量2份左右的份量,購買份量大約是2台兩。
二、不吃加工紅肉:
- 肉品加工過程,例如醃製和煙燻,會使致癌化學物質形成,包括N-亞硝基化合物(NOC)和多環芳烴(PAH)。
- 烹煮可以提高肉類的消化率和適口性,但也可以產生已知或可疑的致癌物,包括雜環胺(HAA)和多環芳烴。
- 一般而言,煎炸燒烤等高溫處理,這些化學物質產量最大。
建議閱讀:
- 降低你的罹癌風險(英文) http://www.aicr.org/reduce-your-cancer-risk/
- 趙強2008年閱讀WCRF 「食物、營養、身體活動和癌症預防:一個全球觀點」(Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: a global perspective)整理的資料(中文) http://blog.yam.com/nutri/category/1780824