以色列法庭一槌定音判決耶穌家族墓是真的，顯示耶穌曾結婚且有兒女是事實。
以色列法院已經判定所謂耶穌家族墓是真的
基督教郵報報導耶穌墳墓在1980年代被發現，2007年時的紀錄片「失落的耶穌墓」影示在石棺上刻有耶穌及其家族的名字，証明耶穌有老婆與兒子
法院判決控告墓碑造假與栽種考古學的前以色列文物官員(former Israeli antiquities official )Joe Zias，應賠償影片制作人Simcha Jacobovici21萬6千美元
據國外媒體報道，在對耶路撒冷一個1世紀的基督徒墓室進行研究時，考古學家在骨甕上發現了一段古代銘文。他們認爲這段銘文能夠證明這個墓室就是耶稣的最終安息地。這段希臘銘文可翻譯爲“神聖的耶和華，請讓他復活，復活”。此外，考古學家還在另一個骨甕上發現據信講述約拿和鯨魚故事的圖畫。
使用機械臂鑽洞
研究過程中，考古學家利用安裝在機械臂上的遠程遙控攝像機對耶路撒冷的一座塔式建築的地下進行探測，最後發現了一些年代可追溯到1世紀的骨甕。其中一個石灰岩骨甕的蓋子上帶有一段希臘銘文，可翻譯爲“神聖的耶和華，請讓他復活，復活”。另一個骨甕上刻有一條魚，嘴裏是一個簡筆人物畫，據信講述了約拿和鯨魚的故事。這也是最爲古老的基督教故事之一。
墓穴上方的塔式建築，是上世紀80年代發現這個墓穴後建造
這個墓室距離此前發現的所謂“耶稣家族之墓”200英尺(約合60米)。後者在上世紀80年代發現，引發了巨大爭議。當時，考古學家聲稱墓室中骨甕上的銘文提到了與耶稣家人有關的名字。這一發現催生了一系列令人吃驚的理論，其中一項理論認爲耶稣與抹大拉的瑪麗亞結婚生子，死後安葬在抹大拉的瑪麗亞旁邊。
在對耶稣家族之墓展開挖掘後不久，正統派猶太教信徒便爆發抗議，認爲這種做法是對死者的一種騷擾，挖掘工作隨之宣告結束，墓穴被重新封死，上面建造了一座塔式建築。美國北卡羅來納大學夏洛特分校研究《聖經》的學者詹姆斯-塔伯爾和紀錄片導演希姆查-雅各布維奇堅持認爲此項研究應該繼續下去。2010年，他們獲得以色列政府的批准，使用機械臂進行鑽洞，對地下進行探測。就這樣，他們發現了另一個墓穴，因爲幾乎就處在這座建築的天井的正下方，將其命名爲“天井墓”(PatioTomb)。
發現約拿畫像
在天井墓內，他們發現了銘文。他們認爲這些銘文大大提高了耶稣家族之墓的可信度。塔伯爾和雅各布維奇指出，兩個墓穴是同一座建築的組成部分。這座建築的主人是亞利馬太的約瑟，據《福音書》所載，正是他埋葬了耶稣的遺體。墓穴內的一個石灰岩骨甕上刻有一段希臘銘文，意思是希望上帝讓某人複活。
另一個骨甕上刻有一條魚，嘴裏是一個簡筆人物畫。塔伯爾認爲這幅畫講述了先知約拿的故事。他說：“這段銘文的內容與讓死者複活有關，這個死者可能是骨甕的主人
在最爲早期的《福音書》中，耶稣提到“約拿的神迹”，被考古學家解釋爲耶稣複活的一種標志。在稍晚一些的基督教繪畫作品中——例如在羅馬地下墓穴發現的繪畫——約拿的形象在所有墓穴發現的圖畫中最爲常見，表達了基督徒對耶稣複活的渴望。不過，任何1世紀的猶太繪畫中都沒有出現約拿的形象，出現在骨甕上的約拿形象也非常罕見，這與猶太教禁止在繪畫中描繪人或者動物有關。
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年代久遠引發爭議
此次發現的墓穴年代可追溯到西元70年之前。西元70年，耶路撒冷因羅馬人摧毀這座城市不再使用骨甕。如果圖畫中的人物確爲基督徒，這將是迄今爲止發現的最爲古老的基督徒考古記錄。考古學家表示，骨甕上的圖畫更有可能出自一些最爲早期的耶稣信徒之手，是在耶稣死後幾十年畫的，年代比撰寫《福音書》的時間早。塔伯爾說：“如果此前有人聲稱在這段時期內的一座猶太人墓穴中發現有關耶稣複活的文字或者約拿畫像，我都認爲‘不可能’，不過，我現在必須改變自己的看法。我們的小組既感到狂喜，又産生懷疑，但證據就清清楚楚地擺在我們眼前，促使我們推翻此前的推測
塔伯爾指出：“考古學就是要揭開事物之間的聯系。我們發現了兩個墓穴，相隔不到200英尺，均是一座古代建築的一部分，主人可能是當時的一戶富有家庭。我們選擇對這個墓穴進行研究的原因在于它靠近所謂的‘耶稣墓’。此前，我們並不知道是否會發現一些不尋常的東西。”
骨甕銘文非常罕見
迄今爲止，以色列文物管理局共發現大約2000個骨甕，其中只有650個帶有銘文，但任何銘文都無法與此次發現的銘文相提並論。塔伯爾表示，與此次發現的骨甕處于同一時期並且也帶有銘文的骨甕不到12個。這些銘文並不是一種警告，警告不要打擾死者。此次發現的四行希臘銘文提到了相信耶稣複活。他指出這些銘文保存比較完好，但最終的翻譯仍不確定。前三行很清楚，最後一行含有3個希臘字母，有些模糊，內容無法確定。整段銘文可能有3種翻譯，分別是“神聖的耶和華，複活，複活”，“神聖的耶和華君臨聖殿”或者“神聖的耶和華現身”。
塔伯爾說：“這段銘文的內容與複活死者有關，可能是骨甕的主人，也可能是傳遞一種信仰，相信複活，因爲附近發現了約拿畫像。”除了約拿畫像外，塔伯爾等人還發現了其他有趣的圖畫，同樣與耶稣複活有關。在魚的圖畫中，魚的尾巴消失在骨甕邊緣，給人一種潛入水中的感覺。骨甕的正面邊緣周圍是一些小魚圖案，另一側則是一個好似十字架的門或者入口的圖案。根據塔伯爾的解釋，這是在表現約拿穿過“死亡之門柵”，《聖經》中有關約拿的故事也提到這一情形。
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▲以色列科學家證實，陶比奧古墓的確為耶穌家族所擁有。（圖／翻攝自紐約時報）
國際中心／綜合報導 
以色列地質學家席姆倫（Arye Shimron）日前發表了他的研究成果，表示有強烈的證據顯示1980年發現的「陶比奧之墓」（The Talpiot Tomb）確實屬於耶穌、他的兒子以及其親屬的，因此認定耶穌不僅有結婚、有子嗣，且也為他是真實存在的歷史人物提供了有力的證據。「陶比奧之墓」過去曾 引發多次討論，席姆倫的研究再次吸引世人的關注。
「陶比奧之墓」於1980年被發現，內有10具骨棺，棺木上刻有瑪利亞、約瑟夫、瑪利、約西、馬太、耶穌－約瑟夫之子，這個大發現使得許多考古團隊 對此展開深入調查，2002年，Discovery頻道與聖經考古團體(Biblical Archaeology Society)高調宣布發現「雅各骨棺」，就連拍攝「鐵達尼號」的大導演卡麥隆（James Cameron）也於2007年推出了紀錄片「失落了的耶穌墓穴」（The Lost Tomb of Jesus），聲稱發現了埋葬耶穌骨骸的棺木，推斷耶穌沒有復活，動搖了基督教的信仰基石。
許多人對於這些發現，在當時都很不以為然，認為墓碑上的銘文很容易仿造，應該不太可能是真的；也有人說耶穌、瑪麗亞，這些在當時都是非常常見的名字，應該不能夠就此草率認定這些古墓屬於耶穌家族。
日前，席姆倫與紀錄片製作人傑柯波維奇（Simcha Jacobovici）展開合作，仔細檢驗古墓中的骨棺，就連刻有「詹姆士，約瑟夫之子，耶穌之弟」的「雅各骨棺」（The James Ossuary）也不放過，他們透過刮除雅各骨棺的古銹，與陶比奧古墓的相比對，發現兩者所含有的鎂、鐵與矽皆相同。
席姆倫又進一步表示，陶比奧古棺蓋著非常厚的「黑色石灰土」，推測應該是因為地震，使得大量土壤沖進古墓中，形成「真空層」讓骨棺不因時間而受損， 雖然過去人們對於陶比奧之墓、雅各骨棺的真實性有很大得歧異，但席姆倫表示，「我認為我所掌握的證據非常的強大，而且是具實質性且明確的證據，證明陶比奧 古墓就是屬於耶穌家族。」
Israeli Court Finds No Evidence Lost Tomb Of Jesus Is A Fraud
An Israeli court has ruled that a claimed “lost tomb of Jesus” described in a 2007 documentary by the same name is not a fraud, reviving a debate over Jesus life and death.
The documentary, produced by James Cameron and written by Israeli-born filmmaker Simcha Jacobovici, contends theres evidence that Jesus had been married to Mary Magdalene and that they had children. As evidence, the film points to a tomb discovered in the East Talpiot neighborhood of East Jerusalem in 1980 that contained ossuaries -- small chests that held the bones of the dead -- with inscriptions that read “Jesus son of Joseph,” “Mary,” “Judah son of Jesus” and other names of New Testament figures.
Canadian filmmaker Simcha Jacobovici examines a burial niche inside the Talpiot tomb in Jerusalem.
If true, the findings would challenge some of the core beliefs of Christianity, namely that Jesus’s body was resurrected to Heaven, and that he never married or had children.
Karen L. King, a professor at the Harvard Divinity School, raised the question of Jesus’s marital status in 2012, pointing to evidence from a scrap of papyrus that divided scholars. Despite her belief that the fragment is an ancient document, King maintained it does not prove Jesus had a wife.
更遠的是To further complicate matter, Ruth Gat, the widow of the original field excavator of the Talpiot Tomb, made waves at a 2008 scholarly conference organized by the Princeton Theological Seminary by saying her husband had believed the tomb to be that of Jesus. Many scholars who were present balked at the revelation. Jacobovici pointed to Gat’s statement as further evidence for his film.
前古物權威員Joe Zias控告Joe Zias, a former Antiquities Authority official, accused the filmmaker of influencing Gat and feeding her lines to make his documentary seem more legitimate. In October 2011, Jacobovici filed a defamation suit against Zias, demanding more than $2 million.
Judge Jacob Sheinman on Sunday awarded Jacobvici just over $200,000 in damages.
On the question of whether the documentary was accurate, Sheinman said he would leave the matter to theologians and academics.
Proponents of the theory that Jesus married Mary Magdalene and had children with her scored a victory this week after an Israeli court cleared fraud charges against a documentary that claimed to have found evidence of the marriage inside what it called Jesus’ “lost tomb.” The court’s decision, which awarded one of Israel’s largest defamation settlements in recent years, is likely to revive long-standing archaeological debates about Jesus earthly remains.
The court case derived from claims made in a 2007 Discovery Channel documentary by Israeli filmmaker Simcha Jacobovici called “The Lost Tomb of Jesus.” The film based its argument about Jesus’ burial and marriage on a 1980 archaeological discovery in the Talpiot area of Jerusalem, where an ancient tomb was found bearing Jesus’ name along with other well-known biblical names like Mary, Matthew, Joseph and Judas.
Most mainstream Christians believe Jesus was unmarried and did not have children. However, Jacobovici argued that the 1980 findings were evidence that not only was Jesus buried but that he had also been married to Mary Magdalene and had children with her -- all of whom, he said, were buried at the Talpiot site.
With high-profile backers like filmmaker James Cameron, the documentary generated international attention and debate. “If true, the idea that Jesus was buried on Earth would undermine one of the central tenets of Christianity,” James Tabor, a historian at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte who has previously collaborated with Jacobovici, said in an interview with Live Science.
Christianity has traditionally held that Jesus rose bodily from the dead after his crucifixion to ascend to heaven and to return to walk on Earth. "If you find the bones of Jesus, the resurrection is off," Tabor said, arguing that conservative Christians see the Talpiot findings “as an attack on Christianity and also a refutation of the faith of Christianity."
However, many skeptics have said theological questions around the findings are not their chief concern. They argue the real issue is that scientific and historical standards have been disregarded by proponents of the theory. Some historians have pointed out that the names on the boxes inside the Talpiot tomb dont precisely correspond with those of Jesus family. Other experts have noted that the current archaeological research on the subject has yet to be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Among the most prominent of Jacobovici’s detractors has been former Israeli antiquities official Joe Zias, who embarked on a campaign to discredit the filmmaker, accusing him of forgery and “planting archaeology.” Jacobovici eventually filed a libel suit against Zias, alleging that he had defamed him with a wide array of false accusations lodged to his broadcaster and his publisher, among others, the Jerusalem Post reported.
“I don’t mind being criticized,” Jacobovici told the Times of Israel in an interview. “People should be free to say what they want. But there’s a difference between free speech and libel. And when you make these kinds of allegations, you cross the line.”
In a decision announced Monday, an Israeli district court ruled in Jacobovici’s favor, awarding him a nearly unprecedented $208,000 in damages for defamation and providing him with an important victory in countering claims against him. But while the court may have cleared Jacobovici of fraud, its ruling avoided taking a stance on his theory, leaving the question of the legitimacy of his conclusions to academics and theological experts.
Israeli Court Finds Joseph Zias Guilty of Libel!
Joseph Zias Found Guilty on 10 Counts of Libel.
Lod District Court (Lod, Israel) – After 4 years in court, Judge Jacob Sheinman handed down a landmark decision today in my libel suit filed against former Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) curator Joseph Zias.
I’m used to criticisms. As a journalist, I’m committed to the principle of free debate in a democratic society. But free speech ends where libel begins, and Zias crossed every red line of a civilized debate. He accused me, among other things, of “forgery”, “planting archaeology”, “pimping the Bible” and “inventing Holocaust stories”. He also accused me of being in intimate contact with various criminal elements around the world. All these are horrible, made up lies that he circulated on the Internet and sent to various universities, publishers and broadcasters. Incredibly, he found some people to support him, especially those with a theological axe to grind.
After I sued him, Zias and some of his supporters claimed that my lawsuit was an attempt to stifle free speech and academic criticism – as if libel and lies are a legitimate part of academic discourse. I only called 4 witnesses to make my case. For his part, Zias argued that he had spoken the truth and called 25 witnesses in his defense. But the strategy backfired as most of his witnesses testified against his position!
Today, the judge threw the book at Zias. He quoted Israeli law stating that freedom of speech has to be balanced with protecting a man’s “good name”. He found that Zias did not prove a single allegation. By the end of his 38 page ruling, the judge found Zias guilty on 10 counts of libel – 6 of them “pre-meditated libel with an intention to cause harm”. To underline the seriousness of Zias’ wrongdoings, the judge fined him a total of 800,000 NIS.
I waited a long time for this moment. Justice has been served and a clear message has been sent to those who use bullying and defamation as a tactic to silence free debate.
