有一格友說她常為英文動詞時式困擾, 希望我談談這題目。動詞時式關係造句, 所以本文就這兩方面一並討論。
A. 句子以時間為標準可分為 3 式: 1. 過去式, 2. 現在式, 3. 未來式
B. 以句型分為 4 式: 1. 簡單式, 2. 進行式, 3. 完成式, 4. 完成進行式
那麼, A x B , 即 3 x 4 = 12, 也就是說所有的句子, 不出這12 型態。
我們知道, 除少數例外, 一般動詞有下列4式 (只舉少數動詞作例子):
1.現在(原)式 2.過去式 3.過去分詞 4.現在分詞
1. See 2. saw 3 .seen 4.seeing
1. Write 2. wrote 3. written 4. writing
1. Do 2. did 3.done 4.doing
1. Cut 2. cut 3. cut 4.cutting
1. Walk 2. walked 3. walked 4.walking
過去式和過去分詞都以原式加上 「ed」者, 是規則動詞, 其他為不規則動詞。 知道這基本的動詞時式後, 我們可以來看看如何造 12 種句子。
現在式:
1. 現在簡單式 (present simple): I write a book.
2. 現在進行式 (present progressive): I am writing a book.
3. 現在完成式 (present perfect): I have written a book.
4. 現在完成進行式: (present perfect progressive): I have been writing a book.
討論: have been表意「現在完成」, writing 表意「進行」; 兩者合起來, 就是 「現在完成進行式」, 意指「工作」已進行了 一些時候或已完成了一部份, 還沒完成, 還在繼續中。
過去式:
1. 過去簡單式 (past simple): I wrote a book.
2. 過去進行式 (past progressive): I was writing a book.
3. 過去完成式 (past perfect): I had written a book.
4. 過去完成進行式 (past perfect progressive): I had been writing a book.
討論:
過去完成進行式, 我們比較不易了解, 其實老外在通常生活上, 也難得用上。 例解: This time last year, I had been writing my book for 6 months. – 去年此時, 我寫我的書已寫了6 個月 ( 意指當時我還在繼續寫)。
未來式:
1. 未來簡單式 (future simple). I will write a book.
2. 未來進行式 (future progressive): .I will be (未來) writing (進行)a book when we meet again next year this time .
3. 未來完成式 (future perfect):. I will (未來) have written (完成) my book two years from now.
4. 未來完成進行式 (future perfect progressive). This time next year, I will have been (未來完成)working (進行) here for 10 years.
討論: 最後三句型,我們在日常生活中, 較少聽/讀到。
我們知道, 句子可以寫得很複雜, 本文所舉的例句, 只是基本形式,提示骨架而已。
- 16樓. VT2019/07/06 17:28淺顯易懂,超感恩^^多謝你得好評, 希望此文對你有所幫助/ 通霄客 於 2019/07/07 02:31回覆
- 15樓. 戈 筆 揚2013/09/03 11:09
I come back today and just see your reply. Your generocity is beyond my hope.
Thank you for your willing to accept me as some sort of a student of you.
I’ll start to send my writings to you at the email address you told me.
- 14樓. 思于2013/08/03 22:21很棒喔
讓久不接觸英文的我
複習複習
很高興你對此文感興趣, 但願也對你由所助益。 通霄客 於 2013/08/11 07:55回覆 - 13樓. 戈 筆 揚2013/07/27 09:21
Thank you for your kindness of willing to help. I’d like to send my writings here but I don’t know how to send them, or where should I post them.
Because you are busily traveling, I think we’d better wait until you are back in the states and have the leisure, then we can start doing it by email.
One thing I should say first. Except respect, gratitude and friendship, I have nothing to pay you. From your website I know you come from a rich family. I think you won’t care about this.
Glad to hear from u again, I'd be happy to discuss English writing w/u anytime. Just send your writings to me at my email address: liu.lee@hotmail.com
You are not the first one who corresponds and discusses English w/me. My wife and I have both retired, we are comfortable financially and are not hungry for money, so u don't have to worry about it. I am just happy to do something for those who feel my help is usfeful.
通霄客 於 2013/07/27 22:12回覆 - 12樓. oleyon2013/07/26 22:53
Seeing you have corrected some mistakes in Mr. Arthur Wong’s article. I know you are very good in English writing and willing to help others.
I have tried to write some poems in English and I kwon they are awkward and have errors. May I invite you to have a look at them and see whether they can be corrected.
You can see this as a seeking instruction from a master or a request to be my mentor.
Thanks for your compliment. Judging from your writing, I can see that you are pretty good in English. For us whose mother tongue is not English, it is not easy to wrtie poems in English, I admire you.
You know that poem is other form of expression, you do not need to follow the strict grammar rules for writing poems. I would be happy to take a look at your poems, but no gurantee that I will be able to 'correct' your writings for you, some suggestions may be possible.
Please just send your writings to me at this location.
通霄客 於 2013/07/27 00:12回覆 - 11樓. Arthur Wong2013/07/25 17:23Arthur
Haaaa, got it, are you also teaching English btw?
Nice blog! I just checked all your articles about English. I think it will be very helpful for students here.
ATW翁馗Thanks for your kind comments. I am not teaching English on a regular basis, but am helping with friends and relatives who need help and ask for it. English is not my major, but my hobby. I just love language. Before I retired, I reviewed and edited the actuary's annual report on my agency - part of my job. Americans, even professional ones, make English errors now and then, here and there, just like we do in Chinese. 通霄客 於 2013/07/25 18:40回覆 - 10樓. 阿鍾哥2013/07/18 09:53.
收藏起來
好好研讀 ! 謝謝。
謝謝來訪 希望對你有所助益 願與你共勉 通霄客 於 2013/07/20 18:41回覆 - 9樓. 鄧潔2013/06/29 15:51實用性
其實說了一堆理論 到最後還是要常說
如果沒有融入他們的生活裡面
往往說歸說 做歸做 許多的文法
不如就是跟老外多多交流 畢竟文化背景不同
如果光看這些文法 而沒有去說去使用
到最後也是沒有用 謝謝您的分享 好久沒來探視您
祝福大ㄍ與嫂夫人平安快樂 思敏祝福
- 8樓. 天涯孤鴻···花窗2013/06/27 22:50來學英文了!
我初中的英文老師很爛
他的英文現在說出來,可能笑果一流!
In many cases, teachers cannot arouse students' interest in the subject they teach, this makes the students even harder to study. My wife and I are now traveling in south east Asia and found out that people in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Indonesia generally know more English than Taiwanese. I think that you will agree that in order to better prepare ourselves to compete with the outside world, we need to improve our foreign language ablity. 通霄客 於 2013/06/28 09:45回覆 - 7樓. thy賞文快樂!端午安康!2013/06/13 09:52太棒了
解說井井有條
豁然開朗
thanks
多謝兄台的肯定, 一直猶豫著該否寫此文, 怕有人會嫌太基本簡單。 你的肯定掃除了我的疑慮。 溫故知新, 有時確是如此。 通霄客 於 2013/06/13 20:44回覆