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艾茲丁．卡薩姆.（1882年12月19日—1935年11月20日）敘利亞穆斯林傳道者,是反對大英和法國在黎凡特的託管統治的阿拉伯民族主義運動領袖,20世紀20年代和30年代錫安主義的激進反對者。巴勒斯坦恐怖組織哈馬斯的伊宰·丁·卡桑烈士旅以他的名字命名。他曾在敘利亞與法國當局對抗,失敗後來到巴勒斯坦地區定居。

1935年他因涉嫌參與殺害一名警察而被英國當局追捕,並在追捕過程中死亡。

黎凡特（阿拉伯語：المشرق /ʔal-maʃriq/；希臘語：Λεβάντες）是歷史上一個模糊的地理名稱,廣義指的是中東托魯斯山脈以南,地中海東岸,阿拉伯沙漠以北和上美索不達米亞以西的一大片地區,不包括托魯斯山脈,阿拉伯半島和安那托利亞,不過有時也包括奇里乞亞在內。西奈半島有時包括在黎凡特內,不過一般被看作是黎凡特與埃及北部之間的邊緣地區。有些時間裡黎凡特的文化和居民曾經在西奈半島和尼羅河占支配地位,但是這些地方一般不被納入黎凡特,筆者日後有專題報導黎凡特..

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.The Levant (/ləˈvænt/ lə-VANT) is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area

in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia. In its narrowest sense, which is in use today in

archaeology and other cultural contexts, it is equivalent to Cyprus and a stretch of land bordering the

Mediterranean Sea in western Asia:^] i.e. the historical region of Syria ("Greater Syria"), which

includes present-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the Palestinian territories and most

of Turkey southwest of the middle Euphrates. Its overwhelming characteristic is that it represents

the land bridge between Africa and Eurasia.^] In its widest historical sense, the Levant included all of

the Eastern Mediterranean with its islands; that is, it included all of the countries along the Eastern

Mediterranean shores, extending from Greece in Southern Europe to Cyrenaica, Eastern Libya in Northern Africa..

「黎凡特」一詞原本適用於「義大利以東的地中海土地」，在中古法語中，Levant一字即太陽升起之處、「東方」的意思（現代西班牙語中動詞levantar意為「升起」，動詞levantarse意為「起床」）。

歷史上，黎凡特於西歐與鄂圖曼帝國之間的貿易擔當重要的經濟角色。黎凡特是中世紀東西方貿易的傳統路線，是阿拉伯商人通過陸路將印度洋的香料等貨物運到地中海黎凡特地區，威尼斯和熱那亞的商人從黎凡特將貨物運歐洲各地。

該地區在阿拉伯語中也被稱為沙姆（sham），意為左路，當阿拉伯人在麥加面朝東方禮拜時，大敘利亞地區在左邊，故名。.

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.他的死也是1936年巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人大起義的導火線,尤其是當時的巴勒斯坦激進武裝份子,集結響應與以色列軍隊爆發衝突,但是被鎮壓拘捕多數,後來許多次的以巴衝突逐漸擴大編制,招兵買馬並且以艾茲丁．卡薩姆 之名為「艾茲丁．卡薩姆旅」（Izz el-Deen al-Qassam) ,從此以後正式成軍,接受許多阿拉伯人的捐款,購買軍火武器等設備,美國及西方國家軍事情報分析認為,「艾茲丁．卡薩姆旅」（Izz el-Deen al-Qassam), 正式編制人員約為12500 名左右,分為25 個獨立營,參加實際戰鬥任務,他們多數的軍官及戰士,傳聞到國外受訓接受現代化的軍事訓練及武器操作使用,「艾茲丁．卡薩姆旅」（Izz el-Deen al-Qassam), 擅長打遊擊戰與突擊戰,無論是執行任務勝利或是失敗,都必需迅速撤離,不可盲目戀戰,因為哈瑪斯的軍費及人員有限,不適合長期的消耗戰截,至目前為止「艾茲丁．卡薩姆旅」（Izz el-Deen al-Qassam),並無坦克車,裝甲車及大炮等重型武器,至於20231107.以5000餘枚武裝火箭彈發射,攻擊以色列的火箭彈發射車輛,經由以色列軍方查核為拼湊型的2手貨車以及土製發射器具,發射後就報廢喇.

以巴戰爭可以形容就是,土炮打洋槍,洋砲的不對稱的戰爭遊戲,看誰堅持最後的5分鐘,誰人就勝利,祈禱阿拉真主或是耶和華上帝主持公道.

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Hamas announced in the evening of July 20 /2023.he kidnapping of Israeli soldier Shaul Aron during a clash that took place at dawn the same day. The clash occurred with Israeli forces in the al-Tuffah neighborhood in eastern Gaza on the second day of the ground operation. A spokesman for the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, Abu Obaida, gave the service number of the kidnapped soldier, 6092065, and that he was from the elite Israeli Golani Brigade. Israel initially denied that Hamas kidnapped the soldier, and later claimed that the soldier had been killed.

A Hamas media official refused to comment on Israel’s claim that the soldier had died during an interview with Al-Monitor, saying, "This is the responsibility of al-Qassam Brigades and no one elses. Israels promotion of this news is for the purpose of making Hamas confirm or deny its accuracy. This is how Israel is trying to gain free information without having to liberate Palestinian detainees in return for information regarding the fate of the soldier who was seized by al-Qassam."

The official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said, “It is difficult to link the kidnapping of the soldier to the terms of the current truce; otherwise, the confrontation would last longer. Thus, the parties will agree on postponing the subject of the captured soldier until after this crazy war has ended.”

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Izz ad-Din Abd al-Qadar ibn Mustafa ibn Yusuf ibn Muhammad al-Qassam (Arabic: عز الدين بن عبد القادر بن مصطفى بن يوسف بن محمد القسام / ALA-LC: ʿIzz ad-Dīn ibn Abd al-Qāder ibn Mustafa ibn Yūsuf ibn Muhammad al-Qassām; 1881^[1] or 19 December 1882^] – 20 November 1935) was a Syrian Muslim preacher, and a leader in the Arab nationalist struggles against British and French Mandatory rule in the Levant, and a militant opponent of Zionism in the 1920s and 1930s.

Al-Qassam studied at Al-Azhar University in Egypt and afterward became an Islamic revivalist preacher in his hometown of Jableh in Syria during the last years of Ottoman rule. Following his return, he became an active supporter of the Libyan resistance to the Italian occupation, raising funds and fighters to aid the Libyans and penning an anthem for them. He would later lead his own group of rebels in alliance with Ibrahim Hananu to fight against French Mandatory forces in northern Syria in 1919–20.

Following the rebels defeat, he immigrated to Palestine, where he became a Muslim waqf (religious endowments) official and grew incensed at the plight of Palestinian Arab peasants. In the 1930s, he formed bands of local fighters, including the Black Hand, and launched attacks against British and Jewish targets. He was eventually killed in a manhunt by the British authorities in 1935, following his alleged role in the killing of a policeman. Israeli historian Tom Segev has called him the Arab Joseph Trumpeldor. His campaign and death were factors that led to the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.

.To the surprise of the Palestine Police Force, al-Qassams funeral, which was held at the Jerini Mosque, attracted at least 3,000 mourners, mostly members of the peasant and working classes.^] His coffin and those of his slain comrades were draped in the flags of Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq, the only three independent Arab countries at the time. In reaction to al-Qassams death, strikes were held in Haifa and several Palestinian and Syrian cities.^[] Al-Qassam is buried at the Muslim cemetery at the former Palestinian village of Balad al-Sheikh, now Nesher, a Jewish suburb of Haifa. An obituary for al-Qassam was published in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram on 22 November, eulogizing him as a "martyr" with the following statement: "I heard you preaching from up in the pulpit, summoning to the sword ... Through your death you are more eloquent than ever you were in life.

.哈瑪斯軍事部門「艾茲丁．卡薩姆旅」（Izz el-Deen al-Qassam）20231104日稱，以色列空襲加薩走廊造成60多名人質失蹤.

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Who are the Leaders of Hamas’ Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades?.

.– Israel has responded to the onslaught of Hamas rocket fire with a tactical campaign targeting leaders of the Iran-backed terror group in the Gaza Strip, including Mohammed Deif and Yahya Sinwar, the highest ranking Hamas officials inside Gaza. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has unsuccessfully targeted both Sinwar and Deif over the past two weeks.

Mohammed Deif, born Mohammed Diab Ibrahim al-Masri, is the leader of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of Hamas. He has been on Israel’s “most wanted” list for more than 20 years. Deif’s mentor was Yehya Ayyash, “the engineer” renowned for building Hamas bombs and other weaponry. Israeli authorities credit Deif with masterminding al-Qassam’s rocket launching techniques, as well as the suicide bus bombings, soldier kidnappings, and tunnel-digging techniques. On May 4, 2021, Deif issued his first public statement in over seven years. In the statement, Deif stated that he was sending a “clear, final warning” that Israel would pay a “heavy price” at the hands of Hamas if Israel evicts Palestinians from their homes in Sheikh Jarrah, east Jerusalem. Hamas has launched more than 4,000 rockets toward Israeli communities since May 10. Israel has reportedly unsuccessfully targeted Deif at least twice during the past two weeks. In a sign of Deif’s influence, Ismail Ghaani, leader of the Quds Force of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, wrote to Deif this week praising Hamas and addressing Deif as a “living martyr,” a term previously applied to deceased Quds Force commander Qassem Soleimani. The IDF is reportedly continuing to target Deif.

Yahya Sinwar is a U.S.-designated senior Hamas leader with ties to the group’s political and military wings. In February 2017 internal elections, Hamas elected Sinwar as its political chief in the Gaza Strip. Sinwar replaced deputy Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh, who replaced Qatar-based leader Khaled Meshaal in early-mid 2017 as chief of Hamas’s political bureau. Sinwar is a founding member of the forerunner of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. He also founded Hamas’s Majd intelligence service, which targets alleged collaborators with Israel. Sinwar won a second term as Hamas’s Gaza leader on March 10, 2021, following a contested internal election. Sinwar is the highest-ranking Hamas official in the Gaza Strip and third in the organization’s chain of command behind Qatar-based Meshaal and Haniyeh. Israel targeted Sinwar’s home in Gaza last week, but he was not present during the attack.

Additionally, the Counter Extremism Project (CEP) released a new resource on Abu Ubaida, spokesman of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. Ubaida is part of the brigades’ senior command and has spoken on behalf of the brigades for more than a decade. It is uncertain when Ubaida was named spokesman of the brigades. However, media sources have referred to Ubaida as the official Qassam Brigades spokesman since at least 2007. During the current conflict, Ubaida has called for all Palestinians to “rise to battle in every field.”

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