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大清王朝慈禧太后與守舊的王公貴族,為義和團事件的幕後推手.
義和團運動，是發生於1900年清朝末期。清朝甲午戰爭戰敗後，在西方列強劃分在華勢力範圍並以發展基督宗教中國教民鞏固，華北農村頻繁發生教案，又逢天災及宮廷權力爭鬥激化的情況下，黃河北岸農民與中國天主教教徒之間時常發生衝突。1900年春季衝突激化，發展為武裝排外，直隸成千上萬習練義和拳並號稱「義和團」的當地居民動用私刑處死了大量基督宗教中國信徒與外來的西方人士，並縱火燒毀了教堂和教徒房屋。整個運動並無嚴密的組織或統一的領導，是一場自發的群眾運動，行為不可避免存在矛盾與混亂，清廷對其態度也多次反覆，至同年6月，清朝中央政府暫時決定利用並允許義和團進駐北京[6]，義和團又先於清軍進攻天津租界。最終俄國、德國、法國、美國、日本、奧匈帝國、義大利、英國八國組建遠征軍進攻天津、北京，引發八國聯軍之役。
It was initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness (Yìhéquán), known in English as the Boxers because many of their members had practiced Chinese martial arts, also referred to in the west as Chinese Boxing. Villagers in North China had been building resentment against Christian missionaries who ignored tax obligations and abused their extraterritorial rights to protect their congregants against lawsuits. The immediate background of the uprising included severe drought and disruption by the growth of foreign spheres of influence after the Sino-Japanese War of 1895. After several months of growing violence and murder in Shandong and the North China Plain against foreign and Christian presence in June 1900, Boxer fighters, convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on Beijing with the slogan Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners. Foreigners and Chinese Christians sought refuge in the Legation Quarter.
Boxer Rebellion.庚子事變,最後導致八國聯軍,攻打中國,並佔領大清王朝的國都北京城,洋人軍隊攻下北京城,任意燒,殺,擄,掠,搶劫財物,姦淫中國女人,「聯軍嘗將其所獲婦女，不分良賤老少，盡驅諸表背胡同，使列屋而居，作為官妓。其胡同西頭，當徑設法堵塞，以防逃逸，惟留東頭為出入之路，使人監管，任聯軍人等入內遊玩，隨意奸宿。」
京城內各王公府第也是八國聯軍搶劫對象。法軍從禮王府搶走銀子200餘萬兩和無數古玩珍寶，又從立山家裏搶走365串朝珠和約值300萬兩白銀的古玩。日軍從寶均府中搶走藏在井中的30萬兩白銀，據內務府奏：「皇宮失去寶物2000餘件，內有碧玉彈24顆、四庫藏書47506本、金時辰鍾2具、李廷圭墨1台、琬挺大屏4扇、玉馬1匹、《發逆璽印》1本、真墨晶珠1串、發逆林鳳翔、洪宣嬌牙齒l合。至於民居、商號、店鋪受損無從估計。
辛丑條約》，亦稱《辛丑各國和約》、《北京議定書》，
Signature page of the Boxer rebellion settlement Protocol in 1901.
下列人士於辛丑和約簽名蓋章
- 欽命全權大臣便宜行事總理外務部事務；大清帝國和碩慶親王愛新覺羅奕劻
- 大清帝國欽差全權大臣便宜行事太子太傅文華殿大學士北洋大臣直隸總督部堂一等肅毅伯李鴻章；
- 德意志帝國欽差駐紮中華便宜行事大臣穆默；
- 奧匈帝國欽差駐紮中華便宜行事全權大臣齊干（Moritz Czikann von Wahlborn）；
- 比利時帝國欽差駐紮中華便宜行事全權大臣姚士登；
- 西班牙波旁王朝欽差駐紮中華全權大臣葛絡干；
- 美利堅合眾國欽差特辦議和事宜全權大臣柔克義；
- 法蘭西共和國欽差全權大臣駐紮中國京都總理本國事務便宜行事鮑渥；
- 大英帝國欽差便宜行事全權大臣薩道義；
- 義大利王國欽差駐紮中華大臣世襲侯爵薩爾瓦葛；
- 大日本帝國欽差全權大臣小村壽太郎；
- 荷蘭帝國欽差駐紮中華便宜行事全權大臣克羅伯；
- 俄羅斯帝國欽命全權大臣內廷大夫格爾思。
前去談判的李鴻章，北京，1900年。八國聯軍占領北京後，李鴻章被清政府任為「欽差大臣便宜行事」，同各國談判。這是李鴻章剛抵達英國駐華使館的情景，迎接他的是英國遠征軍司令阿爾弗雷德·蓋斯利將軍（右二）。
The Boxer Protocol was signed on September 7, 1901, between the Qing Empire of China and the Eight-Nation Alliance that had provided military forces (including Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom) as well as Belgium, Spain, and the Netherlands; after Chinas defeat in the intervention to put down the Boxer Rebellion. It is often regarded as one of the Unequal Treaties.
(辛丑條約》,亦稱《辛丑各國和約》,《北京議定書》，120年前的不平等條約徹底擊潰中國人的民族自信心與自尊心. 2020.年台灣政權又被以美國人為首的西方人吃定喇,具料台灣將與會美國及其他西方國家,簽訂許多不利於台灣方面的不平等條約,台灣的外匯存款僅有4000餘億美元很快就會被美國人及其他西方人詐騙乾淨不是嗎?
相較於中國以武統收復台灣省,所簽署的和約或是經由和平統一所簽訂的海峽兩岸和平協議書,是否也是另類的不平等條約?
台灣省誰是和約代表簽字人? 值得令人深思考慮?
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Signing of the Boxer Protocol. Left, from left to right: F.M Knobel from Netherland (only see his hands); K. Jutaro from Japan; G. S. Raggi from Italy; Joostens from Belgium; C. von Walhborn from Austria-Hungary; B. J. Cologán from Spain; M. von Giers from Russia; A. Mumm for German Empire; E. M. Satow from United Kingdom; W. W. Rockhill from US; P. Beau from France; I-Kuang; Li Hongzhang; Prince Qing
八國聯軍代表19010907.強迫大清王朝辛丑條約簽署.這是人類歷史上最喪權辱國的不平等條約,西方人借用洋槍,大炮,軍艦等現代化武器,再度征服中國人的長刀與弓箭.
The Eight-Nation Alliance during a celebration ceremony inside the Forbidden City after the signing of the Boxer Protocol. Immediately identifiable flags in picture: Italy, France, Germany, Russia and Japan, 1901.
八國聯軍攻下北京於天安門廣場閱兵慶祝勝利擊敗大清王朝.
中國共付各國賠償金四億五千萬兩銀，分三十九年付清，每年利息為四厘，由中國的關稅和鹽稅來償付。中國當時總人數約為四億伍千萬人,換句話說每個中國人平均償還八國聯軍1.83兩白銀.
庚子賠款總額為關平銀四億五千萬兩，約合當時的3.33億美元或7161萬英鎊或6.3億日元或9.7億盧布。賠款年息為四厘（4%），分三十九年還清，本息共計九億八千二百二十三萬八千一百五十兩（9億8223萬8150兩).
(辛丑條約》，亦稱《辛丑各國和約》、《北京議定書》，是大清與英國、美國、日本、俄羅斯、法國、德國、義大利、奧匈、比利時、西班牙和荷蘭十一國在義和團運動結束、八國聯軍攻入北京後簽定的一個和平協定。被認為是中國自第一次鴉片戰爭後簽署的一系列不平等條約之一。
條約簽定於光緒二十七年（1901年）9月7日（辛丑年七月二十五日），故名辛丑條約，亦有「九七皇恥」一說。原條約原存於中華民國外交部，現存於臺灣臺北外雙溪國立故宮博物院。是中國近代史上賠款數目最龐大，皇權喪失最嚴重的條約。
正式名稱為《Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherland, Russia, Spain, United States and China —Final Protocol for the Settlement of the Disturbances of 1900》（《中國與十一國關於賠償1900年動亂的最後協定》），和約有中文與法文版本，但以法文為準。
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義和團運動又稱庚子國變,庚子事變,庚子之亂,庚子拳亂,義和團之亂,義和團事件等，西方則多稱之為拳亂（英語：Boxer Rebellion，德語：Boxeraufstand）。義和團原稱義和拳，1899年毓賢改稱義和團，義和團參與者被稱為「拳民」（西方亦多以對應的「Boxer」稱之）、「拳匪」，義和團參與者稱中國基督徒為「教民」、「直眼」、「奉教的」、「二毛子」。
The Boxer Rebellion (拳亂), Boxer Uprising, or Yihetuan Movement (義和團運動) was an anti-imperialist, anti-foreign, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty.
美國軍事畫家Hugh Charles McBarron Jr. 的畫作《長官，讓我來！》（Ill Try, Sir!），描繪1900年8月14日早晨，美軍第十四步兵團圍剿北京外城東便門，協同在其餘三座城門作戰的聯軍一齊攻下北京。這場戰役被認為是終結義和團運動的關鍵，西方稱之為「北京之戰.
Ill Try, Sir!. American troops in the relief of Peking in China on 14 August 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion. During the fiercely opposed relief expedition to Peking in the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, when two companies of the U.S. Armys 14th Infantry Regiment were pinned by heavy fire from the east wall of the Tartar City and the Fox Tower between abutments of the Chinese City Wall near Tung Pien Gate, volunteers were called for to attempt the first perilous ascent of the wall. Trumpeter Calvin P. Titus of E Company immediately stepped forward saying, "Ill try, sir!" Using jagged holes in the stone wall
In response to reports of an invasion by Eight Nation Alliance of American, Austro-Hungarian, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Russian troops to lift the siege, the initially hesitant Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers and on June 21 issued an Imperial Decree declaring war on the foreign powers. Diplomats, foreign civilians, and soldiers as well as Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were besieged for 55 days by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers. Chinese officialdom was split between those supporting the Boxers and those favoring conciliation, led by Prince Qing. The supreme commander of the Chinese forces, the Manchu General Ronglu (Junglu), later claimed he acted to protect the foreigners. Officials in the Mutual Protection of Southeast China ignored the imperial order to fight against foreigners.
大清王朝國璽與黃龍旗幟
The Eight-Nation Alliance, after being initially turned back, brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and arrived at Peking on August 14, relieving the siege of the Legations. Uncontrolled plunder of the capital and the surrounding countryside ensued, along with summary execution of those suspected of being Boxers. The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 provided for the execution of government officials who had supported the Boxers, provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and 450 million taels of silver—approximately $10 billion at 2018 silver prices and more than the governments annual tax revenue—to be paid as indemnity over the course of the next 39 years to the eight nations involved.
八國聯軍洗劫紫禁城、三海、皇史城、頤和園等。天壇損失祭器1148件，社稷壇損失祭器168件，嵩祝寺丟失鍍金佛3000餘尊、銅佛50餘尊、磁佛13尊、磁瓶12對、鍍金器物40件、銀器17000餘件、銅器14300餘件、錫器5008堂件、幢幡7000堂首、錦緞繡品14000餘件、竹木器1100餘堂份、墨刻珍品1600餘軸、樂器2100餘件。六部九卿等各衙署俱被各國軍隊佔為營房，瘋狂洗劫。鑾駕庫丟失輦乘21乘、鑾駕1373件、車轎12件、玉寶12件、皇妃儀杖282件、皇嬪彩杖84件、新舊雲盤傘各1件、錦緞旗面733件、象牙300隻、象鞍2盤、戰鼓20面、更鐘20架、靜鞭20件以及隨什物若干。翰林院丟失數萬冊經史典籍，《永樂大典》又失去307冊，錢法堂的數萬串新鑄銅錢、太常寺的金鋼祭器、光祿寺的金銀餐具，均被洗劫一空。日軍從戶部銀庫搶走300萬兩銀子和無數綾羅錦緞，從內務府搶走32萬石倉米和全部銀兩。僅各處庫款所失約計銀6000萬兩，其它典章文物、國寶奇珍的價值無法估價.
