․     Biological system

   A biological system is a complex network of biologically relevant entities. As biological organization spans several scales, examples of biological systems are populations of organisms, or on the organ- and tissue scale in mammals and other animals, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the nervous system, etc.

p Nine main biological systems

• Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood and blood vessels.
• Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus.
• Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.
• Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenals, i.e., adrenal glands.
• Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
• Immune system: protects the organism from foreign bodies
• Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.
• Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate.
• Skeletal system: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.

 Muscular system: allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat. Includes skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscle.

․     Torah

   The Torah ("Instruction, Teaching"), or the Pentateuch, is the central reference of the religious Judaic tradition. It has a range of meanings. The term "Torah" means instruction and offers a way of life for those who follow it; it can mean the continued narrative from Book of Genesis to the end of the Tanakh, and it can even mean the totality of Jewish teaching, culture and practice. Common to all these meanings, Torah consists of the foundational narrative of Jewish peoplehood: their call into being by God, their trials and tribulations, and their covenant with their God, which involves following a way of life embodied in a set of moral and religious obligations and civil laws

․      “Turns them to shapes and gives to airy nothing, a local habitation and a name.”

                                      –comes from A Midsummer Night's Dream

․     Theme

   The idea of a literary work abstracted from its details of language, character, and action, and cast in the form of a generalization. See discussion of Dickinson's "Crumbling is not an instant's Act."

․     Symbol

   An object or action in a literary work that means more than itself, that stands for something beyond itself. The glass unicorn in The Glass Menagerie, the rocking horse in "The Rocking-Horse Winner," the road in Frost's "The Road Not Taken"--all are symbols in this sense.

․     Motif

   A central or recurring image or action in a literary work that is shared by other works. Unlike themes, which are messages, statements, or ideas, motifs are details whose repetition adds to the work’s larger meaning; multiple and varying motifs can take place within one work and across longer collections.

․     Irony

I  rony ("dissimulation, feigned ignorance"), in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device, literary technique, or event in which what appears, on the surface, to be the case, differs radically from what is actually the case.

p Three types of Irony

• Verbal irony: is a statement in which the meaning that a speaker employs is sharply different from the meaning that is ostensibly expressed.
• Dramatic irony: This type of irony is the device of giving the spectator an item of information that at least one of the characters in the narrative is unaware of (at least consciously), thus placing the spectator a step ahead of at least one of the characters.
• Situational irony: This is a relatively modern use of the term, and describes a sharp discrepancy between the expected result and actual results in a certain situation.

․     Vocabulary

1. wilted (adj.)

wilted vegetable leaves, for example lettuce leaves, have been cooked for a short time and then used in a salad

1. vague (adj.)

not clear in a person’s mind

1. inaugural (adj.)

the first official speech, meeting, etc. that marks the beginning of something important, for example the time when a new leader or parliament starts work