Week 4
9/29-10/3
(1) Additional notes in class
下星期五 the coming Friday
virtual/almost real
敦愛篤行 to act and to love
attitude態度
altitude經緯度
aptitude才能


(2) Vocabulary journal
1. accurate/ˈæk.jʊ.rət/
-correct, exact and without any mistakes
Ex: The figures they have used are just not accurate.
From: When Dr.Secher tried to predict how fast competitive rowers could go, based only on their sizes and the weights of their boats, he was accurate to within 1 percent.

2. at first glance
-when first looking
-At first glance I thought it was a dog (but I was mistaken).
-At first glance, a big rower (and elite male rowers can weigh as much as 250 pounds) may seem to be at a disadvantage.

3. beneficial/ˌben.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/
-helpful, useful or good
Ex: The improvement in sales figures had a beneficial effect/influence on the company as a whole.
From: Physics can also explain why being big is beneficial for some sports and not others.

4. championship/ˈtʃæm.pi.ən.ʃɪp/
-a high-level competition to decide who is the best, especially in a sport
Ex: The world championships will be held in Scotland next year.
From: Dr. Joyner got a coach, worked hard, and recently ranked fifteenth swimming a mile in a U.S. Masters Swimming championship race (for people over age twenty-five).

5. cross-section/ˈkrɒs.sek.ʃən/
-something that has been cut in half so that you can see the inside, or a model or picture of this
From: Bigger muscles, with their larger cross-section, also are stronger.

6. exception/ɪkˈsep.ʃən/
-someone or something that is not included in a rule, group or list or that does not behave in the expected way
Ex: Men are usually quite good at map-reading but Tim is the exception.
From: Of course, there are exceptions to the rules.

7. horizontal/ˌhɒr.ɪˈzɒn.təl/
-flat or level; parallel to the ground or to the bottom or top edge of something
Ex: Draw a horizontal line across the bottom of the page.
From: Because swimmers are horizontal in the water, their long bodies give them an automatic edge.

8. initially/ɪˈnɪʃ.əl.i/
-at the beginning
Ex: Initially, most people approved of the new scheme.
From: The best high school athlete Mr. Smith ever coached initially wanted to play football.

9. load/ləʊd/
-the amount of weight carried, especially by a vehicle, a structure such as a bridge, or an animal
Ex: The maximum load for this elevator is eight persons.
From: “If you have large legs, you have to move a big load,” Dr. Secher said.

10. muscle/ˈmʌs.l̩/
-one of many tissues in the body that can tighten and relax to produce movement
Ex: These exercises build muscle and increase stamina.
From: But because water holds the boat up, weight becomes less important compared with the enormous benefits of having strong muscles.

11. rank/ræŋk/
-a particular position, higher or lower than others
Ex: Consumer preferences were placed in rank order from 1 to 5.
From: Dr. Joyner got a coach, worked hard, and recently ranked fifteenth swimming a mile in a U.S. Masters Swimming championship race (for people over age twenty-five).

12. reasoning/ˈriː.zən.ɪŋ/
-the process of thinking about something in order to make a decision
Ex: The reasoning behind her conclusion is impossible to fault.
From: The same reasoning explains why elite swimmers are big.

13. store/stɔːr/
-keep or lay aside for future use
Ex: The bear stores fat for the period of hibernation when he doesn't eat.
From: And bigger muscles can store more glycogen, their fuel for short intense spurts.

14. stride/straɪd/
-walk with long steps
Ex: He strode confidently across the hall.
From: Tall people naturally have longer strides, but stride length does not determine speed.

15. anesthesiologist/ˌæn.əsˌθiː.ziˈɒl.ə.dʒɪst/
-a doctor who gives anesthetic to patients to make them fall asleep before an operation
From: Dr. Joyner, an anesthesiologist and exercise researcher, was fast---he ran a marathon in 2 hours 25 minutes.

16. physiologist/ˌfɪz.iˈɒl.ə.dʒɪst/
-a scientist who studies how the bodies of living things work
From: However, parents should not push their children into a sport based on their body type, exercise physiologists say.

17. glycogen/ˈɡlaɪ.kəʊ.dʒən/
-a molecule that stores energy in the muscles
From: And bigger muscles can store more glycogen, their fuel for short intense spurts.

18. spurt/spɜːt/
-a short sudden increase of activity or speed
From: And bigger muscles can store more glycogen, their fuel for short intense spurts.

19. sprint/sprɪnt/
-the act of moving very fast for a short time
Ex: We had to sprint to catch the bus.
From: And because of the advantage that large muscles give for sprints over short distances, the shorter the distance an athlete must swim, the greater the advantage it is to be big.

20. canoe/kəˈnuː/
-a long narrow boat, pointed at both ends
From: “It’s the difference between long canoes and short canoes,” Dr. Joyner said.

21. propel/prəˈpel/
-to move, drive, or push something forward
Ex: The film propelled him to international stardom.
From: Running requires that you lift your body off the ground with each step, propelling yourself forward.

22. cross-country/ˌkrɒsˈkʌn.tri/
-a sport in which you run across fields, not around a track
From: The decision foe high school coaches, said Hayden Smith, a cross-country coach, is whether to say anything when a young teenager seems sat on the wrong sport.

23. as far as we know
From: As far as we know, humans are the only creatures on Earth with the ability to imagine lives that are different from the ones we have.

24. creature/ˈkriː.tʃər/
-any large or small living thing which can move independently; an animal
Ex: Rain forests are filled with amazing creatures.
From: As far as we know, humans are the only creatures on Earth with the ability to imagine lives that are different from the ones we have.

25. digital/ˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.təl/
-describes information, music, an image, etc. that is recorded or broadcast using computer technology
From: The real world Nyla Kazakoff creates online digital copies of her real world clothes.