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The age of AI

2025/11/21 05:15

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The Age Of AI

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Chapter 1-3

1. 2017 , the first time that AI defeated the human-being with 4 -hour training:

In late 2017 , a quiet revolution occurred. AlphaZero, an artificial intelligence (AI) program developed by Google DeepMind, defeated Stockfish.

After training for just four hours by playing against itself, AlphaZero emerged as the world’s most effective chess program. As of this writing, no human has ever beaten it.

The tactics AlphaZero deployed were unorthodox — indeed, original. It sacrificed pieces human players considered vital, including its queen. It executed moves humans had not instructed it to consider and, in many cases, humans had not considered at all.

1. Knowledge fulfilled our need and also limited us:

fulfilled by knowledge, and, at the same time, to be inherently limited by it. unable to perceive or understand the vast extent of the universe or the esoteric dimensions of reality In Plato’s Republic, the famed allegory of the cave spoke to the centrality of the quest.

2. How great AI is, we still can’t explain the mysterious natural phenomena:

a world in which pagan deities stood as explanations for fundamentally mysterious natural phenomena that were deemed important or threatening:

The thin texture of the Pagan mythology was interwoven with various but not discordant materials . . . The deities of a thousand groves and a thousand streams possessed, in peace, their local and respective influence; nor could the Roman who deprecated the wrath of the Tiber, deride the Egyptian who presented his offering to the beneficent genius of the Nile. The visible powers of Nature, the planets, and the elements, were the same throughout the universe. The invisible governors of the moral world were inevitably cast in a similar mould of fiction and allegory. 1

Why the seasons changed, why the earth appeared to die and return to life at regular intervals, was not yet scientifically known. Greek and Roman cultures recognized the temporal patterns of days and months but had not arrived at an explanation deducible by experiment or logic alone. Thus the renowned Eleusinian Mysteries were offered as an alternative, enacting the drama of the harvest goddess, Demeter, and her daughter, Persephone, doomed to spend a portion of the year in the cold underworld of Hades.Participants came to “know” the deeper reality that they had rarely posited a single underlying figure or motivation that could be definitively named or worshipped.

4.Galileo challenged the theology by the scientific observation:

Galileo began to explore the world directly, altering their explanations in light of scientific observation, they were chastised and persecuted for daring to omit theology as an intermediary.

5. During this revolutionary era, all the new ideas are spread by the publishing books

During this revolutionary era, innovative technology, novel paradigms, and widespread political and social adaptations reinforced one another. Once a book could easily be printed and distributed by a single machine and operator — without the costly and specialized labor of monastic copyists — new ideas could be spread and amplified faster than they could be restricted.

6.From Pythagoras to Thales ,Aristotle , Ptomlemy, Lucretius, all are ascribed to the chronicling achievement of the educational vehicles enabling the learned to develop inventions, augment defenses, and design:

Pythagoras and his disciples explored the connection between mathematics and the inner harmonies of nature, elevating this pursuit to an esoteric spiritual doctrine. Thales of Miletus established a method of inquiry comparable to the modern scientific method, ultimately inspiring early modern scientific pioneers. Aristotle’s sweeping classification of knowledge, Ptolemy’s pioneering geography, and Lucretius’s On the Nature of Things spoke to an essential confidence in the human mind’s capacity to discover and understand at least substantial aspects of the world. Such works and the style of logic they employed became educational vehicles, enabling the learned to develop inventions, augment defenses, and design and construct great cities that, in turn, became centers of learning, trade, and outward exploration.

Still, the classical world perceived seemingly inexplicable phenomena for which no adequate explanations could be found in reason alone. These mysterious experiences were ascribed to an array of gods whom only the devout and initiated could symbolically know, and whose attendant rites and rituals only the devout and initiated could observe. Chronicling the achievements of the classical world and the decline of the Roman Empire through his own Enlightenment lens, the eighteenth - century historian Edward Gibbon described.

7. This process gave rise to concepts of universal humanity and human rights

Although most Western explorers and thinkers of the time concluded that these newly encountered societies had no fundamental knowledge worth adopting, the experiences began to broaden the aperture of the Western mind nonetheless. The horizon expanded for civilizations across the globe, forcing a reckoning with the world’s physical and experiential breadth and depth. In some Western societies, this process gave rise to concepts of universal humanity and human rights, notions that were eventually pioneered by some of these same societies during later periods of reflection.

The West amassed a repository of knowledge and experience from all corners of the world. 3 Advances in technology and methodology, including better optical lenses and more accurate instruments of measurement, chemical manipulation, and the development of research and observation standards that came to be known as the scientific method, permitted scientists to more accurately observe the planets and stars, the behavior and composition of material substances, and the minutiae of microscopic life. Scientists were able to make iterative progress based on both personal observations and those of their peers: when a theory or prediction could be validated empirically,

8.AI replace God to navigate our road

5 Bishop Berkeley’s 1710 Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge contended that reality consisted not of material objects but of God and minds whose perception of seemingly substantive reality.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the late seventeenth and early eighteenth German philosopher, inventor of early calculating machines, and pioneer of aspects of modern computer theory, indirectly defended a traditional concept of faith by positing that monads (units not reducible to smaller parts, each performing an intrinsic, divinely appointed role in the universe) formed the underlying essence of things.

The seventeenth century Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza, navigating the plane of abstract reason with daring and brilliance, sought to apply Euclidian geometric logic to ethical precepts in order to “prove” an ethical system in which a universal God enabled and rewarded human goodness.

8.God has the eternal cause.

“God as cause.” This knowledge, Spinoza held, was eternal — the ultimate and indeed perfect form of knowledge. He called it “the intellectual love of God.”

9.From Kant, we know we have the ability to strive for the better with our limited conditions.

Kant proposed that “reason should take on anew the most difficult of all its tasks, namely, that of self - knowledge.” According to Kant’s account, human reason had the capacity to know reality deeply, albeit through an inevitably imperfect lens.

1. For 200 years, we believe under the Kant’s philosophy to live in the limited source to work for the best.

For the following two hundred years, Kant’s essential distinction between the thing‑in‑itself and the unavoidably filtered world we experience hardly seemed to matter. While the human mind might present an imperfect picture of reality, it was the only picture available.

10.AI comes for the remedy to help human beings.

But AI is beginning to provide an alternative means of accessing — and thus understanding — reality.

2. Avoid the history’s direction in the name of scientific conclusions

By separating reason from tradition, the Enlightenment produced a new phenomenon: armed reason, melded to popular passions, was reordering and razing social structures in the name of “scientific” conclusions about history’s direction. Innovations made possible by the modern scientific method magnified

3. Ushered to a new war

ushered in the age of total war — conflicts characterized by societal - level mobilization and industrial

4. A new balance of the world

International system has beckoned ever since, with philosophers and political scientists contributing but achieving only intermittent success.

Moved by the political and social upheavals of modernity, thinkers grew more willing to question whether human perception, ordered by human reason, was the sole metric for making sense of reality.

13. For Heisenberg, A new age to discuss about the accurate picture of reality might not be available at any given time.

Heisenberg emphasized the impossibility of assessing both the position and momentum of a particle accurately and simultaneously. This “uncertainty principle” (as it came to be known) implied that a completely accurate picture of reality might not be available at any given time. Further, Heisenberg argued that physical reality did not have independent inherent form, but was created by the process of observation

5. Since Plato, focus on human minds

whether reality had a single true, objective form — and whether human minds could access it — had preoccupied philosophers since Plato.

14.For Bohr, the scientific instrument itself assumed to be a neutral tool for measuring reality

In Bohr’s telling, the scientific instrument itself — long assumed to be an objective, neutral tool for measuring reality — could never avoid having a physical interaction, however minuscule

15.Absolute truth and relative truth, AI fill the gape.

The twentieth - century philosophical world, jarred by the disjunctions at the frontiers of science and by the First World War, began to chart new paths that diverged from traditional Enlightenment reason and instead embraced the ambiguity and relativity of perception.

1. The empire of power or knowledge,long divided, must unite

Even if AI would never know something in the way a human mind could, an accumulation of matches with the patterns of reality

2. Human mind is yielding its pride

we are entering a new epoch in which the reasoning human mind is yielding its pride of place as the sole discoverer, knower

3. horses were replaced by engines measured by their “horsepower.”

we can no longer conceive of some of our innovations as extensions of that which we already know. We need to change our thought up and down , insideout!

4. AI thought replace human thought

All levels of human organization have been affected by this digitization

20.AI lost the concept and context

For all its many wondrous achievements, digitization has rendered human thought both less contextual and less conceptual.

21.Our mind replaced by AI’s shaping, ordering and assessing

it is altering the role that our minds have traditionally played in shaping, ordering, and assessing

22.what’s the difference

not the mechanism but the manifestation of intelligence.

the inner lives of other beings remain unknowable

it focuses on performance, not process.

23.What about AI

(1)it was trained using vast amounts of (online) information.

(2)on the basis of precisely defined code, computers produced analyses that were similarly limited in their rigidity and static nature.

(3) if a machine operated so proficiently that observers could not distinguish its behavior from a human’s, the machine should be labeled intelligent.

(4) AIs “learn” by consuming data, then drawing observations and conclusions based on the data.

(5) AIs translate texts not by swapping individual words but by identifying and employing idiomatic phrases and patterns. learning algorithms are a departure from the precision and predictability of classical algorithms, including those in calculations like long division.

23.In Greek mythology, the divine blacksmith Hephaestus forged robots capable of performing human tasks, such as the bronze giant Talos, who patrolled the shores of Crete and protected it from invasion.

24. AI learn the algorithm based on underlying data and is able to recognize relationships.

Not only do humans not understand the many connections AI revealed between a compound’s properties and its antibiotic capabilities, but even more fundamentally, the properties themselves are not amenable to being expressed as rules. A machine - learning algorithm that improves a model based on underlying data, however, is able to recognize relationships.

25.modern algorithmsm with supervised learning techniques

Modern AI would have stymied classical algorithms.

modern AI can approximate outcomes and analyze ambiguities that would have stymied classical algorithms.(p.74)

26. It can, for example, select highly likely candidates from a larger set of possible candidates. This capability captures one of the vital elements of modern AI.

27. supervised learning techniques

p.78 Developers have used supervised learning techniques for many purposes, such as creating AIs that recognize images.

28. AI reinforcement learning was born.

p.80 A third major category of machine learning, reinforcement learning, was born.

In reinforcement learning, AI is not passive, identifying relationships within data. Instead, AI is an “agent” in a controlled environment

29. Human stay behind AI

p.81 No human could effectively fill this role: running on digital processors, AIs can

30. AI helps us have a better communication

For millennia, humanity has been challenged by the inability of individuals to communicate clearly across cultural and linguistic divides. Mutual miscomprehension, and the inaccessibility of information in one language to a speaker of another, has caused misunderstanding, impeded trade, and fomented war. In the story of the Tower of Babel, it is a symbol of human imperfection — and a bitter penalty for human hubris. Now, it seems, AI is poised to make powerful translation capabilities available to wide audiences, potentially allowing more people to communicate more easily with one another.

31. AI uses the bidirectional transformer and the parallel corpora technique for searching

p.84Google’s BERT, for example, is a bidirectional transformer designed to improve searching.

32.

AI has the capacity to generate — to create – to illustrate— new text, images, human face. Thus far, the AIs excel at identifying solutions. Yet another technique, generative neural networks, can create, synthetic but realistic. Conceptually, they depart from their predecessors.

More concerningly, generators might also be used to create deep fakes — false depictions, indistinguishable from reality.

33. AIs trained with GANs of discriminator and generator

A common training technique for the creation of generative AI pits two networks with the objective of the discriminator network is to prevent poor outputs from being generated and the generator as being tasked with assessing which ideas are relevant and realistic. In the training phase, the generator and discriminator are trained in alternation, holding the generator fixed to train the discriminator and vice versa.

34.

Trained on vast amounts of data can transform text into images and vice versa, expand and condense descriptions.

35. benefit of AI

AI can steer children away from mature content and, at the same time, toward content appropriate for their ages or frames of reference.

AI can steer all of us away from content that is violent, explicit, or otherwise offensive to our sensibilities.

AI gets to know people, the outcome is largely positive

36.threat from AI

AI cannot reflect upon what it discovers. Across many eras, humans have experienced war, then reflected on its lessons

37.

AI can’t feel the moral or philosophical compulsion to do so.

The result — from a human perspective — banal or shocking, benign or malignant. the significance of its actions is up to humans to decide

38. When AI is employed, we should seek to understand its errors — not so we can forgive them but so we can correct them. Bias besets all aspects of human society, and in all aspects of human society, merits a serious response.

39. To assess AI’s performance is vital

p.97

society cannot mitigate what it does not foresee.

AI’s brittleness is a reflection of the shallowness of what it learns.

Accordingly, the development of procedures to assess whether an AI will perform as expected is vital.

40. AI needs to be

p.98

societies could permit an AI to be employed only after its creators demonstrate its reliability through testing processes.

40. AI problems

(1)p.99 Tay, Microsoft’s chatbot, infamously did in 2016. On the internet, Tay encountered hate speech and quickly began to mimic it, forcing its creators to shut it down.

(2) when the algorithm is fixed, a self - driving car trained to stop at red lights cannot suddenly “decide” to start running them. This property makes comprehensive testing and certifications possible — engineers may vet a self - driving AI’s behavior in a safe environment before uploading it into a car, where an error could cost lives.

(3) The division between the learning and inference phases in machine learning permits a testing regime like this to function.

41. three contrains of AI, code, objective function, input(p.100)

AI got three constrains by its code in three ways. First, the code sets the parameters of the AI’s possible actions. These parameters might be quite broad, permitting a substantial range of autonomy and therefore risk. Second, AI is constrained by its objective function, which defines and assigns what it is to optimize. Last , AI can only process inputs that it is designed to recognize and analyze.

42. Ais can’t be self-reflective

AIs would not likely be self - reflective; their objective functions would still define them.

43.substantial computing infrastructure fee is expensive

substantial computing infrastructure, making retraining AI prohibitively expensive, how challenging it is to reach human - level performance.

44.Till now, AI is still behind human’s synapses, AI just complete a human’s specific task.

this writing, generative transformers have the largest networks, This is still 10 4 times fewer than estimates of the human brain’s synapses. today’s “narrow” AI, which is developed to complete a specific task.

45. AGI’s development

AGI involves training traditional AIs in several fields, then effectively combining their base of expertise into a single AI.

46.Scientists and philosophers have different opinions about AGI

However, scientists and philosophers disagree about whether true AGI is even possible and about what characteristics it might entail.

47. vision-more prevalent and more potent, offer more data, computing power, and skilled technicians.

Whether AI stays narrow or becomes general, it will become more prevalent and more potent.

In the most striking outcomes, human lives will be saved. People could rely on automatic translation, exert less effort trying to understand other cultures and nations.

The most advanced AIs require vast data, tremendous computing power, and skilled technicians. Unsurprisingly, organizations with access to such resources, both commercial and governmental, drive much of the innovation in this new field.

Chapter 4 global network platform

1. People need to catch up with AI fast with a large numbers.

people around the world are participating in a process that is both mundane and revolutionary. This is unfolding rapidly by aggregating those users in large numbers, new and seemingly impersonal and inexorable forces — as with the rise of Romanticism.

2. play the role as geopolitically significant actors

although they are operated as commercial entities, some network platforms are becoming geopolitically significant actors by virtue of their scale, function

3.we can’t predict how the AI affect the values and behavior.

There was little demand for predictions about how these virtual solutions might affect the values and behavior of entire societies

3. the software engineer may be perplexing to the political leader or inexplicable to the philosopher.

For example, Facebook (like many other social networks) has developed increasingly specific community standards for the removal of objectionable content and accounts, listing dozens of categories of prohibited content as of late 2020. Because the platform has billions of active monthly users and billions of daily views

4. Algorithms plays a new role to the user queries

AI plays a significant role in Google’s search engine, These algorithms amounted to a set of rules for handling potential user queries. Google’s search team moved from using these human - developed algorithms to implementing machine learning. This change led to a watershed moment

5. we must aim to understand AI‑enabled network platforms by assessing their implications for individuals, companies, societies, nations, governments

6. UNDERSTANDING NETWORK PLATFORMS

A traditional product or service, an increase in the number of users can easily detract from rather than add to its value. It can produce scarcity (for a product or service that is in high demand or sold out), delays (for a product or service that cannot be delivered simultaneously to all the customers who want it), or a loss in the sense of exclusivity that gave a product its initial cachet (e.g., a luxury item that becomes less sought after when it is widely available).

7. SECURITY AND WORLD ORDER

In our era, the advent of cyber and AI capabilities are adding extraordinary new levels of complexity and abstraction to these calculations for firearms and chemical weapons. A sober effort at AI arms control is not at odds with national security; it is an attempt to ensure that security is pursued and achieved in the context of a human future.

9. NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND DETERRENCE

use of nuclear weapons in war — by the United States against Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, compelling a swift end to the Second World War in the Pacific — was recognized immediately as a watershed. Arms control was a concept intended to assuage this dilemma.

Chapter 5 world security and order

1. The physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, one of the fathers of the atomic bomb, was moved to invoke not the strategic maxims of Clausewitz but a line from Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita: “Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.” This insight presaged the central paradox of Cold War strategy: that the dominant weapons technology of the era was never used. The destructiveness of weapons remained out of proportion to achievable objectives other than pure survival.

2.THE AGE OF CYBERWARFARE AND AI

In the decades to come, we will need to achieve a balance of power that accounts for the intangibles of cyber conflicts and mass-scale disinformation as well as the distinctive qualities of AI‑facilitated war. Realism compels a recognition that AI rivals, even as they compete, should endeavor to explore setting limits on the development and use of exceptionally destructive, destabilizing, and unpredictable AI capabilities. A sober effort at AI arms control is not at odds with national security; it is an attempt to ensure that security is pursued and achieved in the context of a human future.

3.NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND DETERRENCE

As both superpowers’ arsenals grew, the possibility of actually deploying nuclear weapons in the service of preventing or punishing the other side’s actions came to seem increasingly surreal and incredible

4.arms control

The emergence of new technology has compounded the dilemmas of nuclear weapons.

5.CONFLICT IN THE DIGITAL AGE

No major cyber actor, governmental or nongovernmental, has disclosed the full range of its capabilities or activities — not even to deter actions by others. Strategy and doctrine are evolving uncertainly in a shadow realm, even as new capabilities are emerging. We are at the beginning of a strategic frontier that requires systemic exploration, close collaboration between government and industry to ensure competitive security capabilities, and — in time, and with appropriate safeguards — discussion among major powers concerning limits.

6.AI AND THE UPHEAVAL IN SECURITY

Do not wait for a crisis to initiate a dialogue about the implications — strategic, doctrinal, and moral — of these evolutions. If they do, their impact is likely to be irreversible. An international attempt to limit these risks is imperative.

1. MANAGING AI

AI increases the inherent risk of preemption and premature use escalating into conflict.

2. IMPACT ON CIVILIAN AND MILITARY TECHNOLOGIES

A process of mutual education between industry, academia, and government can help bridge this gap and ensure that key principles of AI’s strategic implications are understood in a common conceptual framework.

The dilemma posed by AI‑related weapons technology is that keeping up research and development is essential for national survival.

3. AN OLD QUEST IN A NEW WORLD

We must prevent AIs operating faster than human decision makers from undertaking irretrievable actions with strategic consequences.

Chapter 6

AI & Human Identity

1.The fact that AI is able to make certain predictions or decisions, or generate certain material, does not by itself indicate sophistication akin to that of humans.

Charting a human future turns on defining a human role in an AI age.

2. Science has traditionally been a pinnacle amalgam of human-driven expertise, intuition, and insight. But AI adds a nonhuman — and divergent-from-human — concept of the world into scientific inquiry, discovery, and understanding.

3. AlphaFold has more than doubled the accuracy of protein folding from around 40 to around 85 percent, enabling biologists and chemists around the world to revisit old questions they had been unable to answer and to ask new questions about battling pathogens in people, animals, and plants.2 Advances like AlphaFold — impossible without AI — are transcending previous limits in measurement and prediction.

Education & Lifelong learning

1. If children acquire digital assistants at an early age, they will become habituated to them. At the same time, digital assistants will evolve with their owners, internalizing their preferences and biases as they mature. A digital assistant tasked to maximize a human partner’s convenience or fulfillment through personalization may produce recommendations and information that are deemed essential even if the human user cannot explain exactly why they are better than any alternative resources.

2. It follows that in the age of AI, whenever such a significant issue is at stake, the deciders will need to be qualified, non-anonymous

PERCEPTIONS OF REALITY AND HUMANITY

The AI revolution will occur more quickly than most humans expect. Unless we develop new concepts to explain, interpret, and organize its consequent transformations, we will be unprepared to navigate it or its implications.

AI & The Future

1.AI may better or — if wrongly deployed — worsen humanity, but the mere fact of its existence challenges and, in some cases, transcends fundamental assumptions.

2.The printing revolution in fifteenth-century Europe produced new ideas and discourse, both disrupting and enriching established ways of life. The AI revolution stands to do something similar.

Chapter 7

ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE

1. First, AI may operate as we expect but generate results that we do not foresee. With those results, it may carry humanity to places its creators did not anticipate. Much like the statesmen of 1914 failed to recognize that the old logic of military mobilization, combined with new technology, would pull Europe into war, deploying AI without careful consideration may have grave consequences.

2. AIs can readily magnify, echo. And with those reverberations, with that multiplicity of choice coupled with the power to select and screen, misinformation proliferates.

AI, FREE INFORMATION, AND INDEPENDENT THOUGHT

AI is porous — it learns from humans, even as we design and shape it. Thus not only will each society’s choices vary, so, too, will each society’s relationship with AI, its perception of AI, and the patterns that its AIs imitate and learn from human teachers. Nevertheless, the quest for facts and truth should not lead societies to experience life through a filter whose contours are undisclosed and untestable.

AI AND INTERNATIONAL ORDER

-Such a group or commission should have at least two functions:

1. Nationally, it should ensure that the country remains intellectually and strategically competitive in AI.

2. Both nationally and globally, it should be aware, and raise awareness, of the cultural implications AI produces.

-Immanuel Kant opened the preface to his Critique of Pure Reason with an observation:

Human reason has the peculiar fate in one species of its cognitions that it is burdened with questions which it cannot dismiss, since they are given to it as problems by the nature of reason itself, but which it also cannot answer, since they transcend every capacity of human reason

Conclusion:

1. Yesterday’s hero maybe today’s executioner. We need to exert more effort tying out best to understand AI. Spread our wings to catch up with the strongest wind of AI.

2. Whether AI is at stake or at people’s behest, depends on our watershed moment of our moral or philosophical entities.

3. AI’s algorithms with troves of data could be fullfilled our need with concept and context.

4. New discoveries in the fields of engineering, robotics and artificial intelligence(AI) are enabling machines to do things they could never do before. But some people are raising the alarm about the implications of these discoveries for human beings. A robots begin to do tasks once done by human workers, will humans lose their jobs? More importantly, will people begin to value machines more than humans?

To the first questions, the answer is clearly “yes.” The international Monetary Fund predicts that a variety of jobs are at risk of being automated in the coming years. These include data entry, factory work, some sales jobs and more. This is because robots have some strengths that humans do not possess. They can process data more quickly and accurately than humans can without getting tired or distracted.

However, robots also have limitations-and these limitations mean it is not likely that they will ever make humans obsolete. Most importantly, robots can only do what they are programmed to do, which makes it difficult for them to respond to situations that come out of left field. They lack the versatility of humans, who can draw on skills and life experiences to make quick decisions.

Inventions that threaten certain jobs have occurred before. For example, during the industrial revolution, many tasks that had been done by human farmers were automated. But this change did not entirely negate the need for human farmers-and it created new jobs in other areas. Similarly, the use of robots in technical skills such as computer programming.

And some companies are experimenting with ways humans can work alongside robots. For example, Airbnb is developing technology that will take ideas for inventions and products drawn by humans and turn them into products almost instantly. This will save time in the design process, but it won’t eliminate the need for human creativity.

Useful as thy maybe, robots will never fully replace human beings. They may start doing certain types of jobs, but humans will still need to provide the creativity and flexibility that machines can’t offer. A world with more robots need not necessarily be one in which humans have become obsolete. Righty used, robots can free people from boring or repetitive work so that they have time to do things that only they are capable of doing.

The Age of AI And Our Human Future

About the Author

Henry A. Kissinger was born in Germany in 1923, served in the U.S. Army during World War II, and taught history and government for two decades at Harvard University before becoming National Security Advisor and Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. A recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize and the Presidential Medal of Freedom, among other awards, he authored numerous influential works on statesmanship and international relations, most recently Leadership, and with Eric Schmidt and Daniel Huttenlocher coauthored The Age of AI. Until his death in November 2023, he remained in ceaseless demand as an adviser to American presidents and many other world leaders and policymakers.

Eric Schmidt is a technologist, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. Joining the founders of Google in 2001, he helped grow the company from a Silicon Valley startup to a global leader in technology, first as Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, and later as Executive Chairman and Technical Advisor.

He formerly served as chair of the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence.

Daniel Peter Huttenlocher is the inaugural dean of the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing. Previously, he served as founding dean and vice provost of Cornell Tech, the digital technology-oriented graduate school established by Cornell University in New York City. He has a mix of academic and industry experience: computer science faculty member at Cornell and MIT, researcher and manager at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), and CTO of a fintech start-up. Currently, he serves as the chair of the board of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and as a member of the boards of Amazon and Corning.

History of Artificial Intelligence. This section reminds me of the root of science:

Logic-à Philosophy àMathematicsàChemistry, PhysicsàComputeràAI.

AI was invented in US, but today China owns more AI application/tools than US.

What Is Artificial Intelligence? Definition, Uses, and Types

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer systems capable of performing complex tasks that historically only a human could do, such as reasoning, making decisions, or solving problems.

Some of the most common examples of AI in use today include:

ChatGPT: Uses large language models (LLMs) to generate text in response to questions or comments posed to it.

Google Translate: Uses deep learning algorithms to translate text from one language to another.

Netflix: Uses machine learning algorithms to create personalized recommendation engines for users based on their previous viewing history.

Tesla: Uses computer vision to power self-driving features on their cars

The impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on economics, politics, and society.

1. The challenge of integrating AI into our systems:

- The difficulty of integrating AI into our existing economic system

and political structures.

- The rise of AI could lead to widespread job loss and

economic inequality, as well as new forms of cyber warfare

and espionage that could destabilize global politics.

2. The need for ethical guidelines for AI development:

- We need to establish clear ethical guidelines for its

development and use. The authors pointed out the

potential dangers of autonomous weapons that could kill

without human oversight and calls for a global ban on

their development and use.

3. The importance of collaboration between nations.

- We need to establish international standards for AI

development and use, and that we need to work

together to address the economic disruption caused by AI.

4. The potential benefits of AI for humanity:

- AI has the potential to improve healthcare, education, and other

areas of life, and that it could help us solve some of the worlds most

pressing problems. For example, the book suggests that AI could be

used to help us address climate change, or to create new forms of

sustainable energy.

Questions:

1. AI has already affected humans daily lives and will do so in the future. Give example(s) of AI tools to explain how AI affects human perception, cognition and interaction.

For 200 years, we believe under the Kant’s philosophy to live in the limited source to work for the best.

For the following two hundred years, While the human mind might present an imperfect picture of reality, it was the only picture available.

AI comes for the remedy to help human beings.

But AI is beginning to provide an alternative means of accessing to understand the reality.

we are entering a new epoch in which the reasoning human mind is yielding its pride of place as the sole discoverer.

2. Give examples of AI tools that have improved our daily life.

AI can steer children away from mature content and, at the same time, toward content appropriate for their ages or frames of reference.

AI can steer all of us away from content that is violent, explicit, or otherwise offensive to our sensibilities.

AI gets to know people, the outcome is largely positive

3. It is crucial that we instill accountability so AI reliably aligns with ethics and social benefit. Do you have any experience on that (ChatGPT, Tay)?

The accountability landscape in the realm of AI is intricate, encompassing several entities, each with its unique role and responsibilities.

AI Users: Individuals operating AI systems hold the initial layer of accountability. Their responsibility lies in understanding the functionality and potential limitations of the AI tools they use, ensuring appropriate use, and maintaining vigilant oversight.

AI Users’ Managers: Managers have the duty to ensure their teams are adequately trained to use AI responsibly. They are also accountable for monitoring AI usage within their teams, verifying that it aligns with the company’s AI policy and guidelines.

AI Users’ Companies/Employers: Businesses employing AI in their operations must establish clear guidelines for its use. They are accountable for the consequences of AI use within their organisation, requiring robust risk management strategies and response plans for potential AI-related incidents.

AI Developers: AI accountability extends to the individuals and teams who develop AI systems, like OpenAI. Their responsibility includes ensuring that the AI is designed and trained responsibly, without inherent biases, and with safety measures to prevent misuse or errors.

AI Vendors: Vendors distributing AI products or services must ensure they are providing reliable, secure, and ethical AI solutions. They can be held accountable if their product is flawed or if they fail to disclose potential risks and limitations to the client.

Data Providers: As AI systems rely on data for training and operation, data providers hold accountability for the quality and accuracy of the data they supply. They must also ensure that the data is ethically sourced and respects privacy regulations.

Regulatory Bodies: These entities hold the overarching accountability for establishing and enforcing regulations that govern the use of AI. They are tasked with protecting public and business interests, ensuring ethical AI usage, and defining the legal landscape that determines who is responsible when things go wrong.

4. What are the risks and dangers of AI?

2. AIs can readily magnify, echo. And with those reverberations, with that multiplicity of choice coupled with the power to select and screen, misinformation proliferates.

3. AI is porous — it learns from humans, even as we design and shape it. Thus not only will each society’s choices vary, so, too, will each society’s relationship with AI, its perception of AI, and the patterns that its AIs imitate and learn from human teachers. Nevertheless, the quest for facts and truth should not lead societies to experience life through a filter whose contours are undisclosed and untestable.

4. -Immanuel Kant opened the preface to his Critique of Pure Reason with an observation:

5.AI cannot reflect upon what it discovers. Across many eras, humans have experienced war, then reflected on its lessons

6. AI cannot reflect upon what it discovers. Across many eras, humans have experienced war, then reflected on its lessons

7.AI may better or — if wrongly deployed — worsen humanity, but the mere fact of its existence challenges and, in some cases, transcends fundamental assumptions.

8.The printing revolution in fifteenth-century Europe produced new ideas and discourse, both disrupting and enriching established ways of life. The AI revolution stands to do something similar.

5. Scam call is common these days. Any experience? How to prevent?

Elders more often become the victims. How can we educate them?

How to Protect Seniors

But theres still a long way to go in stopping fraud against senior citizens, and individuals are still the first line of defense. Here are five ways consumers can help ensure the safety of the elderly:

• Regularly call or visit. Be suspicious if a senior citizen has a new "best friend," becomes socially isolated, never seems to be available or able to come to the phone, or is hesitant to have contact with others unless a caregiver is present. This could indicate that someone has undue influence on the seniors behavior and decision-making.

• Block solicitations. Opt out of commercial mail solicitations. You can arrange for a ban of five years at a time with the Direct Marketing Associations mail preference service. To eliminate unsolicited offers for credit, go to optoutprescreen.com. Read our advice on eliminating robocalls, including using your phone services anti-robocall service, using a third-party call-blocking service or device, or using a call-screening tool. (The Federal Communications Commission just ruled that phone carriers can provide robocall-blocking protection by default, not through a consumer opt-in.)

• Provide respite for a caregiver. Caregivers who are stressed financially and emotionally can sometimes steal the assets of those they are supposed to be caring for. Monitor the caregiver and ensure that person gets enough rest.

• Set up safeguards at the bank. If youre concerned about your relatives financial decision-making, set up a small account at a local bank for her. That account could, for instance, include a debit card and checking with a spending limit of, say, $300. That way, any other finances can be saved in a separate, more secure account.

• Arrange for limited account oversight. Ask financial institutions to send statements and alerts to a trusted person who has no direct access to the seniors accounts, so that person can check for fraud. Another option is to try EverSafe, a web-based service that consolidates all of a seniors accounts and checks daily for suspicious activity. We found that one of its services, called EverSafe Essentials, generally worked as promised. It costs $7.49 per month for one person, following a 30-day free trial.