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udn網路城邦
連吃都不自由
2008/07/22 13:56
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 幾年前,Atkin剛提出高蛋白飲食減肥法的時候,醫界有不少人質疑,這種飲食有丙酮中毒之慮,也有可能因為不限熱量不限脂肪攝取量而使體內膽固醇過高,建議不要長期食用。

 但是,最近一個追蹤兩年,總樣本數322人,同時比較高蛋白飲食、地中海型飲食(高纖高蔬果高不飽和脂肪)和低脂飲食的研究發現,後兩者的減重效果比低脂飲食更好。雖然接受高蛋白飲食的受是人尿液中的丙酮確實比較高,但高蛋白飲食反而比低脂飲食更能增加血液中好膽固醇HDL的量,及其佔總膽固醇的比例。

 有趣的是,地中海型飲食比高蛋白飲食和低脂飲食能更有效的降低血糖,受試者中少數的第二型糖尿病患者也比正常人受惠許多。

 雖然這個研究絕大部分的受試者為50歲左右的男性,但若只分析受試女性的數據,發現女性對地中海型飲食的反應最好;相對的,男性較適合高蛋白飲食。

 這項研究的部分經費來自Atkin研究基金會,但該機構不介入實驗設計和執行。

XXX

 上星期四看到這篇論文的時候,我就想,大概又有不少人想靠吃肉減肥。

 人類最大的悲哀也許是我們的祖先不是無尾熊,無法靠一種食物就能打發過日子,讓「該吃什麼」在今日變成很大的難題。

 這個世界上不是所有人都有辦法每天吃新鮮蔬菜水果的──想想愛斯基摩人、藏人和蒙古人吧!對這些住在高緯度區或高山地區的人來說,一日五蔬果是幾乎不可能的事。

 可他們卻比身處於文明社會的現代人健康,很少為了高血壓糖尿病看醫生。

 這麼說不是要每個人都學愛斯基摩人或其他原始部落的人食肉為生。高蛋白飲食和地中海型飲食之所以相對較健康,是因為這兩者比低脂飲食更接近我們祖先飲食的方式。

 換句話說,這個世界上,有不少人的祖母或是曾祖母可能是每天茹毛飲血、也可能是吃一堆橄欖油跟青菜水果過日子。這樣的飲食,是經過人類千萬年歷史淘選出,最適合人類身體的食譜。

 這種食物跟著人類演化的過程,每個地區也許大同小異,所以,飲食史上沒有乳製品的東方人,比西方人更容易有乳糖不耐症。

 想要吃的健康,最簡單的方法就是爺爺奶奶吃什麼,我們就跟著吃什麼。可是,「吃」這件事情,在現代社會已經不是靠直覺跟家傳經驗就能解決的。

 表面上,我們的食物的選擇比爺爺奶奶們更多;實際上,我們只選方便的、有減肥效果的或是看起來營養的。

 電視廣告一天到晚儘是差點沒在包裝上貼上「我最健康」的各式加工食品、報章雜誌三天兩頭就是最新的飲食建議、衛生署更是每三年五年就修定一次每日營養素攝取建議。過年前、端午前、中秋前,營養師總是疾呼:「年假在家不要大魚大肉!」、「一顆粽子的熱量是兩碗飯!」、「月餅不要吃太多!」、「中秋烤肉不只要烤肉,也要烤蔬菜!」

 我們追求民主自由,卻在不知不覺中,讓「吃」變得不自由。

 有誰還記得,又香又濃的原味鮮奶到底是什麼味道?這年頭,想找瓶完全沒有加工過的牛奶簡直難如登天,不是脫脂就是加鈣加維生素D的。

 我知道營養師們是好心,可是,很多時候,「吃」這件事,不是單純的只是熱量或營養素攝取而已。更多時候,是情感的交流,是慾望的滿足,是人與土地的對話。

 誰會在跟兄弟姊妹們搶冰淇淋吃時想這一口咬下去是50大卡、滿嘴滋味鮮甜的湯包肉汁時想這包子至少有200大卡、或是嚼著清甜帶香氣的池上米時擔心這碗飯有250大卡?

 汲汲於將所有食物轉化成熱量跟營養素的我們,似乎都忘了,吃冰是因為享受跟家人在一起的樂趣,排隊買水煎包是為了讓好滋味和味蕾共舞,品嘗火車便當是想更親近東部的好山好水。這些經驗,比起熱量值,卻是無價。

 還有誰記得,上次跟家人一起在餐桌上談天說笑是什麼時候?上次吃到好吃得能讓人感到幸福的食物是什麼時候?

 對食物用心,無論是品嘗還是料理,才是人不會胖的秘訣。

 

延伸閱讀:

Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, Shahar DR, Witkow S, Greenberg I, Golan R, Fraser D, Bolotin A, Vardi H, Tangi-Rozental O, Zuk-Ramot R, Sarusi B, Brickner D, Schwartz Z, Sheiner E, Marko R, Katorza E, Thiery J, Fiedler GM, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Stampfer MJ; Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) Group. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 17;359(3):229-41.

 

只吃真食物,對抗黑心食物

 

Seattle Times

Thursday, July 17, 2008 - Page updated at

Permission to reprint or copy this article or photo, other than personal use, must be obtained from The Seattle Times. Call 206-464-3113 or e-mail resale@seattletimes.com with your request.

Study: Low-carb diet more effective overall

ATLANTA — A low-carb diet and a Mediterranean-style regimen helped people lose slightly more weight than a traditional low-fat diet in one of the longest and largest studies to compare the dueling weight-loss techniques.

A bigger surprise: The low-carb diet improved cholesterol more than the other two. Some critics had predicted the opposite.

The study, published Thursday in The New England Journal of Medicine, was partly financed by the Atkins Research Foundation, but the foundation played no role in the study's design or reporting of the results, said the lead author, Iris Shai of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

The researchers followed 322 dieters, 277 men and 45 women. The dieters were assigned to follow one of three types of diets — a diet with about 30 percent fat, based on American Heart Association guidelines; a Mediterranean diet; and a low-carbohydrate diet based on the Atkins diet plan.

The research was done in a controlled environment — an isolated nuclear-research facility in Israel. The dieters consistently ate lunch, the largest meal of the day, in the company cafeteria, where food was color-coded to help them comply with their eating plan.

The biggest weight loss happened in the first five months of the diet — low-fat and Mediterranean dieters lost about 10 pounds, and low-carbohydrate dieters lost 14 pounds.

By the end of two years, all the dieters had regained some, but not all, of the lost weight. The low-fat dieters showed a net loss of six pounds, and the Mediterranean and low-carbohydrate dieters both lost about 10 pounds.

Researchers said the weight-loss results sound modest, but they had resulted in improvements in the ratios of good to bad cholesterol and other health markers.

There were subtle differences in the three diets studied. Men did better on the low-carbohydrate diets, losing 11 pounds compared with 9 pounds for the Mediterranean diet. Women fared best on the Mediterranean diet, losing 14 pounds compared with 5 pounds on the low-carbohydrate plan.

Critics have long acknowledged that an Atkins-style diet could help people lose weight but feared that over the long term, it may drive up cholesterol because it allows more fat.

But the low-carb approach seemed to trigger the most improvement in several cholesterol measures, including the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL, the "good" cholesterol.

 

 

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