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A358上 - 心理情結Complex-Psychology

2009/08/07 22:19

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A358上-心理情結Complex-Psychology JCW, 2009/08/06. Copyright.

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夫結者、有學問的人使用之詞。結，就是用繩子兩頭搞在一起的那粒扣子狀物，花樣名稱眾多(參見結繩工藝之類書籍)；大陸俗稱疙瘩(台灣話好像沒那個同義字)；英文Knot。

情結就是心情的結；也是心中壘塊(node)之意；正式的解釋是心理或精神方面的糾纏鬱結；英文是Psychological Complex而不是emotional knot(node)或mental knot (node)，但是這knot和node兩詞大致可以代替Comples，當作Basic English方式使用；它能夠被人瞭解。

我們華人因為有差不多先生的傳統精神，對情結不作詳察；洋人則向來有吹毛求疵(！)的祖傳毛病(？)，所以多有研究著作，後來竟然變成今之心理學和精神病異常的一大課題，不在話下。按：當今西洋科學之遠較中華科學進步且實用，其實倒是他們洋人喜歡 "吹毛求疵的祖傳毛病" 所致；不知諸君以為然否。

情結、人皆有之，即坦蕩蕩的君子亦不免；不過單獨一件事難成結，一定要因一個起源而牽涉到好多糾葛纏綿的、包括可能真是風馬牛並不相干的、可能的發展，才會朝夕晝夜思之終不解而成結。舉例？不難。老頭子：怕死的突然，好多後事沒交待；怕老婆還沒先死會為他身故而煩惱悲痛；怕子女媳婦對她…：怕遺產…；怕孫子那女友太…；怕孫女變成老姑娘…；怕遺體火化會燒的好痛，放棺材裡又悶的慌。工商界人：怕倒帳；怕查稅；怕仿冒被抓；怕庫房火燒，工程意外，工作災害……。務農的：怕旱潦；怕蟲害、雞瘟、豬難產……。那黨政人士應該是情結最多、牽涉既多又最複雜可疑、可慮、可恨、可憾、可畏、可怕的種種因果，恐怕就連多甬戀愛中男女和跑路中殺了人的通緝犯都比不上他……這用不著我來細說分明吧。

來拆字看看吧。英文Psychological Complex；只看後一半那個主字：

☆(1). Complex - Wikipedia：(此處complex須作漢文複合體解：例如手錶就是好多零件的複合體。) A complex is a whole that comprehends a number of intricate parts, especially one with interconnected or mutually related parts; for example, a complex of buildings. 複合體者乃是由為數不僅一個、本身可能並不單純的、互有關聯之零件所組成的整體；住、商、工業綜合大樓即其一例。

英文complex此詞用作名詞時，在各種科學方面咸有不同的專業意義；Complex (psychology), a group of mental factors that are unconsciously associated by the individual with a particular subject and influence the individual's attitude and behavior 在心理學方面則指因某一特殊問題而使一群心理因素在不一定自覺的當事人心裡集結，以致影響了該當事人的思想態度行為。(這漢譯似乎比原文完全？)

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下面所示這件資料兼有漢文和英文兩部分；因英文部分比漢文部分詳細多了，我要把漢文部分照抄於此，然後將英文部分節譯後併入其中：

☆(2A). 情結 Complex (psychology) - Wikipedia：In psychology a complex is generally an important group of unconscious associations, or a strong unconscious impulse lying behind an individual's otherwise mysterious condition: the detail varies widely from theory to theory. However, their existence is quite widely agreed upon in the area of depth psychology at least, being instrumental in the systems of both Freud and Jung. They are generally a way of mapping the psyche, and are crucial theoretical items of common reference to be found in therapy(psychotherapy). 情結，舊稱情意結或情意綜，是心理學術語，指的是一群重要的無意識組合，或是一種深藏在一個人神秘的心理狀態中，強烈而無意識的衝動(衝動當然是無意識、即非故意的；故意的就是做作pretendind行為了)。每個心理學理論對於情結的詳細定義皆不同，但不論是佛洛伊德體系還是榮格體系的理論、都公認、在深層心理學的研究方面、情結之存在是非常重要的。探索情結是測度心理狀態的一種方法，也是心理治療重要的理論依据。[註：意識Conscious (adj；Consciousness，n)有三類：Conscious，有意識的(故意的)；Unconscious，無意識的(不自覺而非過意的)；Subconscious，潛意識的(自然反應)。辯：Self-conscious，自省。]

The term "complex," or "feeling-toned complex of ideas," was adopted by Carl Jung when he was still a close associate of Sigmund Freud. (Theodor Ziehen is credited with coining the term in 1898.) Jung described a "complex" as a 'node' in the unconscious; it may be imagined as a knot of unconscious feelings and beliefs, detectable indirectly, through behavior that is puzzling or hard to account for. "情結"(complex)一語是由Theodor Ziehen於1898年所創，由榮格在與佛洛伊德合作的時期發揚光大。榮格將complex形容為 "無意識之中的一個結"、一群無意識、感覺與信念形成的結。這個結可以間接偵測到，但因之而表現出來的行為則很難理解。

Jung found evidence for complexes very early in his career, in the word association tests conducted at the Burghölzli, the psychiatric clinic of Zurich University, where Jung worked from 1900-1908 (In the word association tests, a researcher read a list of words to each subject, who was asked to say, as quickly as possible, the first thing that came to mind in response to each word. Researchers timed subjects' responses, and noted any unusual reactions--hesitations, slips of the tongue, signs of emotion). Jung was interested in patterns he detected in subjects' responses, hinting at unconscious feelings and beliefs. 榮格在職業生涯早期就已找到情結存在的證明。1910年代他在詞彙聯想測驗中注意到受試者的反應暗示著此人的無意識感受與信念。

In Jung's theory, complexes may be related to traumatic experience, or not. There are many kinds of complex, but at the core of any complex is a universal pattern of experience, or archetype. Some of the key complexes Jung wrote about were the anima (a node of unconscious beliefs and feelings in a man's psyche relating to the opposite gender) and animus (the corresponding complex in a woman's psyche); and the shadow (Jung's term embracing any aspect of psyche which has been excluded from conscious awareness). Many Jungian complexes appear in complementary pairs: for example, the puer, or eternal youth, often appears in relationship to the senex, or archetypal old man. A puer complex might manifest as an individual's unconscious dread of growing up, of losing one's romantic ideals or freedom; a senex complex, by contrast, might be seen in a person who, without seeming to understand why, is driven to act out an "old man" role, in creative or destructive ways. Only when a complex results in destructive behavior would it be seen as pathological; otherwise, a Jungian view of psyche accepts the presence of diverse complexes in ordinary health. 榮格認為情結可能與是否造成顯然的傷害有關。情結之種類繁多，但每一種情結咸有其一定格局的原型。榮格所記下的常見的情結有三種，即男性對女性無意識的戀母情結，女性對男性無意識的戀父情結，以及除了有意識感知以外的感知心態 "影子"。榮格認作情結之心態咸成對出現：例如孩子氣與老氣；孩子氣可能是無意識的怕長大而喪失其浪漫的自由自在感所致；反之，老氣者咸呈莫名的老化狀。僅情結之使當事人有不良言行者才視為心理疾病。榮格派理論視無害的情結為普通健康心理的多元變化。

One of the key differences between Jungian and Freudian theory is that Jung's thought posits several different kinds of complex, and emphasizes duality or plurality rather than unity as a basic condition of the human psyche. Freud held that the Oedipus complex was universal--reflecting developmental challenges that face every child--and was the central complex in most or all psychopathology.

Once Jung broke from Freud and the two men went their own ways, forming their own disciplines behind them, there was briefly a movement in some of Freud's circle to remove all of Jung's work and terminology from their school of psychoanalysis. Freud himself however refused, and so the name "complex" stayed. 榮格理論與佛洛伊德理論的關鍵差異是：榮格認為人類心態由好幾種情結構成，而且許多情結彼此形成二元或多對立；佛洛伊德則認為兒子厭父戀母(或女兒厭母戀父的)伊底帕斯情結 [詳本文末☆(5)項] 是一般兒童普遍共通的，也就是兒童所面對一切心理疾病的中心點。隨著榮格與佛洛伊德的決裂，兩方的代表性理論也就分歧了。

[各種通常討論中的情結]：------

(a). 佛洛伊德派：兒子厭父戀母情結(伊底帕斯情結Oedipus Complex)

(b). 榮格派：阿尼瑪斯 Animus；阿尼瑪 Anima

(c). 其他派別：

(c1). 除了榮格與佛洛伊德的心理學公認的情結之外，還有許多人歸納出許多情結，像省籍情結，完美情結，處女情結等等。這些情結概念雖類似，但顯然都很不一樣。

(c2). ACG與同人文化中也整理出不少情結(見ACG及同人恋性爱题材列表)。

(c3). "コンプレックス" 是Complex的日文外來語，簡作 "コン"。中文受到此影響，也常用 "控(音譯)" 代表 "コン"。所以有兄貴控(ブラコン，喜歡全身肌肉的猛男的情結)；禦姐控(シスコン，喜歡聲音、外表都可愛，身材、性格、氣質都成熟，給人的形象是大姊姊級，可以說是長大成熟懂事的女性)；妹控(又稱“妹萌”。指喜歡妹妹的情結；除了親妹妹外，亦可以是堂妹、表妹和沒完全血緣關係的義妹、繼妹等)；蘿莉控(ロリコン，Lolita Complex[1]，对未成年的女孩子更具兴趣的一种性向)；正太控(Shota Complex，戀弟型)等等。

☆(2B). 上述(2A).情結 Complex (psychology) - Wikipedia的英文部分尚有很多資料，如下述：………

Contents： List of proposed psychological complexes

1 Freudian

2 Jungian

3 Other

4. Complex Used in Cultural Terms

1. Freudian

Oedipus complex

Castration complex see also Gender narcissism

Electra complex (see also penis envy)

2. Jungian

3. Other

4. Used in Cultural Terms

4-1. "Stacy's Mom Complex" (see Stacy's Mom by Fountains of Wayne)

4-2. "Rubik's Complex" (see Rubik's Complex – See Rubik's cube. A pop science term for an excessive need to solve puzzles or determine how something works.

4-3. "Ostrich Complex"

4-4. "Stand Alone Complex" (see Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex)

de:Komplex (Psychologie) et:Kompleks (psühholoogia) eo:Komplekso fr:Complexe (psychologie)zh:情結。

5. Content from the English-language version of Wikipedia. The original article was at Complex (psychology). The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Psychology Wiki, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License.

Notes：

^ Sollod, RN, Wilson, JP, Monte, CF. (2009). Beneath the Mask: An Introduction to Personality Theories, 8th ed. Wiley, p 149.

^ Engler, B. (2003). Personality Theories: An Introduction, 6th ed. Houghton Mifflin, p. 77