A309-鄉愿Hypocrisy      JCW, 2009/01/07.版權所有. 

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        有很多文字是不宜胡亂使用的。鄉愿Hypocrite這詞的中文通常是 "假仁假義"、"偽君子"，意即 "德之賊"；即其一例。 

        假使我把鄉愿此詞解作 "鄉野之人的原本心態"，可以嗎？假使可以，那就豈不跟它的原出之意 "鄉原，德之賊也" 大有上下了(那可是孔老夫子說的，誰敢否定！)。原本心態是純璞不欺；譬如劉姥姥在大觀園開了眼界，脫口而出的話，並非作假，毫無掩飾，說她是德之賊就未免冤枉她了。我此說有指責鄉愿此詞含有鄙視鄉野之人之嫌；當有爭議。 

        反之，假使說鄉愿乃指 "無識無知之徒假裝斯文" 的虛假，則，指他是 "德之賊" 就未免過分了；是也不是？ 

        我並不質議一般人引孔子的話來解釋 "鄉愿"；孔子是在說假仁假義冒充君子者是德之賊也。這鄉愿是故意做作、偽善之解，該無爭議吧。 

        由是，鄉愿這詞就有大異其趣，各有千秋的三個解釋了；而且，它通常以 "德之賊也" 為正解，於是就該當不可以胡亂輕易使用了。是也不是呢？ 

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[1]☆☆☆       中文鄉愿與英文hypocrite互譯。此詞源自十三世紀中世紀歐洲的英國，這英文在http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ hypocrite和http://dictionary.reference.com/ browse/ hypocrite各有雙解是： 

1)： A person who puts on a false appearance of virtue or religion (外表為德行或宗教的偽君子)。A person who pretends to have virtues, moral or religious beliefs, principles, etc., that he or she does not actually possess, esp. a person whose actions belie stated beliefs (假裝實際並不具有的有德性、有道德、有宗教的信仰、原則等；尤指行為與此種種信仰不符者)。 

2) :  A person who acts in contradiction to his or her stated beliefs or feelings (言行不符之人)。A person who feigns some desirable or publicly approved attitude, esp. one whose private life, opinions, or statements belie his or her public statements (佯裝某種他人認可或公眾讚賞的姿態，尤指私生活、見地或言論與其公開表示的言論不符)。 

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現在再看維基詞典如何說： 

意義(Meaning)：討好他人, 沒有立場, 昧於是非的人。 

例句(Example)：王立委被反對黨立委指稱為鄉願, 比起以往尖銳的言論, 他在這次預算案的諮詢中表現軟弱, 沒有媒體所期待的火爆發言。 

用法(Usage)：此詞現在多為新聞媒體所用, 常見報導於新聞評論, 與政治人物間的指責, 指其人沒有明確立場, 只求安於現況, 安身保命, 而不敢得罪其他人, 可能昧於事實, 而損害道德良心。 

解字(Word Forming)：在鄉里中，故意做出忠厚老實的樣子以討人喜歡的人。願, 通「原」字; 另通「願」。或可解釋成單純, 一廂情願。 

出處(Origin)：此語出於論語˙陽貨篇：子曰：「鄉原，德之賊也」。白話: 鄉願是竊取德性的賊。 

原義：同今義。 

同義詞：濫好人；偽君子

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現在再看維基百科如何說。維基百科對Hypocrite此詞只有英文資料如下： 

 [3]☆☆☆ Hypocrisy - Wikipedia - Hypocrite is the act of being less critical of oneself than of others. (鄉愿是嚴以待人、寬以待己的行為)。 A well-known example is the smoker criticising someone else for smoking (最為人所知的實例為本人也吸煙者批評他人吸煙)： 

Father(父)： You shouldn't smoke (你不該吸煙)。 

Son (子)： But you smoke (你自己不也吸煙)。 

Father(父)：: Yes, but I've had a hard day at work and I need to relax (不錯，可是我辛苦了一整天，需要輕鬆一下)。 

Note that (請注意) the act of hypocrisy is only committed with actor 1's second remark (此處鄉愿行為僅見於 "父" 的第二次發話)。 As Samuel Johnson remarked in Rambler No. 14 (適如撤姆爾‧約翰遜所著第十四篇 "浪跡天涯" 裡所說的 <"The Rambler"，浪跡天涯為JCW擅譯；原作見Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library的The Rambler #1-54; The Rambler #55-112; The Rambler #171-208)：Nothing is more unjust, however common, than to charge him with hypocrisy that expresses zeal for those virtues which he neglects to practice (不論其屬如何常見，天下更無比較、僅因此人熱衷於他自己疏於親自力行之德行而指責他、更為不公平之事); since he may be sincerely convinced of the advantages of conquering his passions, without having yet obtained the victory (蓋此人可能誠摯地認為能克復像他自己所熱愛的那個吸煙習慣何其有益，卻不能如願地說服他兒子), as a man may be confident of the advantages of a voyage, or a journey, without having courage or industry to undertake it, and may honestly recommend to others, those attempts which he neglects himself^[1] (就像某人確認某項旅遊行程何其有益身心而未敢親自去一遊，卻一心一意的建議他人去嘗試無異)。 

If actor 2 in the example charges actor 1 with hypocrisy after the actor 1's first remark, he himself is using a straw man^中文 argument "So you're saying that it's okay for you to smoke but not for me" (假使那兒子因那父親有了那第一次發話而指責他父親無異在說 "他自己可以而我卻不可" 為鄉愿，則那兒子就在採取 "偷換概念" 方式的辯駁了).。 

…***…(JCW註：以上兩段，還是我解讀的不對，抑原文說的未達意：那個叫兒子勿抽煙的父親究竟算不算 "鄉愿"？)

The term hypocrisy is often used in a religious context to refer to someone who gives a false appearance of virtue or religion (鄉愿此詞通常在宗教文字裡指稱某人的德行或宗教言行不符)。Psychologically, hypocrisy can be an unconscious act of self-deception. (鄉愿亦可能是一種不自覺的自欺行為)。 

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