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錢氏寫林
2010/08/15 02:58
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錢鍾書《圍城》第二章有此敘述:「 [方鴻漸] 瞧見沙發旁一個小書架,猜來都是張小姐的讀物。一大堆《西風》、原文《讀者文摘》之外,有原文小字白文《莎士比亞全集》、《新舊約全書》、《家庭佈置學》、翻版的《居里夫人傳》、《照相自修法》、《我國與我民》等不朽大著以及電影小說十幾種,裏面不用說有《亂世佳人》。一本小藍書,背上金字標題道:《怎樣去獲得丈夫而且守住他》(How to Gain a Husband and Keep Him)。」

1933 年秋,林語堂(1895-1976)經賽珍珠(Pearl Buck,1892-1973)安排,決定以英文撰著一部介紹中國風土文化的通俗讀物,交由賽珍珠情人兼出版者沃爾許(Richard Walsh)出版。林氏即於當年冬天動筆,在上海、廬山兩地,歷時十月,寫成《My Country and My People》(漢譯《吾國與吾民》、《吾土吾民》、《中國人》)一書,由沃爾許「約翰岱公司」(John Day Company)旗下之「翠鳥出版社」(Halcyon House)於 1935 年 9 月刊印發行。問世之後,四個月間重印七次,不但雄踞暢銷榜,評界亦讚譽有加。然而國內不喜林氏「公安派」性靈一路的學者文人,與向來視其幽默小品為「麻醉文學」(魯迅語)的左聯作家,咸認此書對於中國文化之介紹多屬旁枝末節,謬訛膚淺、華而不實。甚至有人以「my」、「賣」諧音,而謔之為「賣國與賣民」,譏其外銷本國雜碎,賺得盛名厚利。此處《我國與我民》與《家庭佈置學》、《照相自修法》、《怎樣去獲得丈夫而且守住他》等「不朽大著」並列,當然也不無諷刺。

關於林語堂,鍾書先生尊翁《現代中國文學史》中曾有微詞:「語堂又本周作人《新文學源流》,取袁中郎『性靈』之說,名曰『言志派』。鳴呼,斯文一脈,本無二致;無端妄談,誤盡蒼生!十數年來,始之非聖反古以為新,繼之歐化國語以為新,今則又學古以為新。人情喜新,亦復好古,十年非久,如是循環,知與不知,俱為此『時代洪流』疾捲以去,空餘戲狎懺悔之詞也。」(錢基博,《現代中國文學史》,506頁)

但觀鍾書先生評論文字,對林氏卻幾無正面臧否。只可斷定,錢、林二氏的文學觀點,確有相左之處。語堂先生「以自我為中心,以閒適為格調」(《人間世》發刊詞)的主張,與袁枚所謂「詩是性情,近取諸身足矣」(《詩話補遺卷一》)相近。鍾書先生則向來認為「性靈」須以「厚學」為基:「滄浪所謂『別才非學,而必學以極其至也。』亦即桴亭所謂『承艾添膏,以養火種』也。以『厚』為詩學,以『靈』為詩心,賢於漁洋之徒言妙悟,以空為靈矣」(《談藝錄》,103-104 頁)。又嘗謂袁枚「所以江河不廢,正由涯岸不高;惟其平易近人,遂為廣大教主。」(《談藝錄》,205 頁)此語似亦可移贈林氏。

惟一之正式批評,見於鍾書先生英語短文〈Apropos of the "Shanghai Man"〉(關於「上海人」)。文中敘述上海居民中至少有二成對其所處環境「尚未適應也無法適應」(unadapted and unadaptable)。此類柏格森(Henri Bergson,1859-1941)所謂的「僵硬」(raideur),常為世人所笑,但也可能正是性格強韌、智慧卓絕之徵。因為自歎「不得其所」的睿智善感之士比比皆是,而他們對安居此地如魚得水的「上海人」既鄙夷又妒羨的怨聲也充耳可聞。亦難怪上海文人界的溫床之中,會滋生出《論語》半月刊所發起的「幽默運動」(campaign for humor)。林語堂身為「新幽默」(New Humor)的旗手,曾於《中國評論週報》撰文詳析中國式的幽默。但這種「新幽默」其實正是「縮減了的『舊幽默』」(Old Humor writ small),既缺拉伯雷(Francois Rabelais,1494-1553)式的「恣放」(heartiness),也無莎士比亞式的「開闊」(broadness),只見「微妙的欲語還休」(subtle arriere-pensees)與「典雅的憤世嫉俗」(refined petulance),而貫穿其間的,主要還是一股眷戀歐洲學院、歸復明朝文化的懷舊之情。亦可見「新幽默家」對其周遭環境實已失去幽默,其之所以發笑,只因哭泣不夠文雅。(原載《The China Critic》 [中國評論週報] ,VII,1934,收錄於《錢鍾書英文文集》,北京:外語教學與研究出版社,2005,34-36 頁)

鍾書先生另有〈說笑〉(1939)一文,雖未指名道姓,但所云何人,呼之欲出:「自從幽默文學提倡以來,賣笑變成了文人的職業。幽默當然用笑來發洩,但是笑未必就表示着幽默。劉繼莊《廣陽雜記》云:『驢鳴似哭,馬嘶如笑。』而馬並不以幽默名家,大約因為臉太長的緣故。老實說,一大部分人的笑,也只等於馬鳴蕭蕭,充不得什麼幽默。一個真有幽默的人別有會心,欣然獨笑,冷然微笑,替沉悶的人生透一口氣。也許要在幾百年後、幾萬里外,才會有另外一個人和他隔著時間空間的河岸,莫逆於心,相視而笑。假如一大批人,嘻開了嘴,放寬了嗓子,約齊了時刻,成羣結黨大笑,那只能算下等遊藝場裏的滑稽大會串。國貨提倡尚且增添了冒牌,何況幽默是不能大批出產的東西。所以,幽默提倡以後,並不產生幽默家,只添了無數弄筆墨的小花臉。……所以,幽默至多是一種脾氣,決不能標為主張,更不能當作職業。」(《寫在人生邊上╱人鬼》,臺北:書林,1989,23-24 頁)

至於鍾書先生借小說形式,以側寫手法來月旦林氏,除了此處點到即止之外,最明顯的尚屬短篇小說〈貓〉(1946)中描繪袁友春的一段,活脫便是一幅語堂先生的漫畫寫照:「斜靠在沙發上,翹着腳抽煙斗的是袁友春。他自小給外國傳教士帶了出洋。跟著這些寒窘迂腐的洋人,傳染上洋氣裏最土氣的教會和青年會氣。(按:林氏自聖約翰大學畢業後方負笈美國,但身為基督教牧師之子,教會淵源自是不淺。)承他情瞧得起祖國文化,回國以後,便向那方面努力。他認為中國舊文明的代表,就是小頑意,小聰明,幫閒湊趣的清客,所以他的宗旨彷彿義和拳的『扶清滅洋』,高擱起洋教的大道理,而提倡陳眉公,王百穀等的小品。不過讀他的東西,總有一種吃代用品的感覺,好比塗麵包的植物油,沖湯的味精。更像在外國所開中國飯館裏的『雜碎』,只有沒吃過地道中國菜的人,會上當認為是中華風味。他哄了本國的外行人,也哄了外國人──那不過是外行人穿上西裝。最近發表了許多講中國民族心理的文章,把人類公共的本能都認為中國人的特質。因為廣告登得靈巧,據說這些文章就像《儒林外史》裏匡超人選的八股文,西洋外國都有人唸著。此人的煙斗是有名的,文章裡時常提起它,說自己的靈感全靠抽煙,好比李太白的詩篇都從酒裏來。有人說他抽的怕不是板煙,而是鴉片,所以看到他的文章,就像鴉片癮來的直打呵欠,又像服了麻醉劑似的,只想瞌睡。又說,他的作品不該在書店裏賣,應當在藥房裏作為安眠藥品發售,比「羅明那兒」(Luminal),「渥太兒」(Ortal)都有效而沒危險性。這些話都是忌妒他的人說的,你作不得準。」(原載《文藝復興》1946 年第 1 期,同年收入《人鬼》集中,此處引文見《寫在人生邊上╱人鬼》,89-90 頁。)

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Apropos of the "Shanghai Man"

Walking along Nanking Road in a sunless Sunday afternoon, I recalled in a flash the concluding lines of Baudelaire's Le Couvercle:

"Le ciel! couvercle noir de la grande marmite
Ou bout l'imperceptible et vaste Humanite."
(The sky: the black lid of the mighty pot
Where the vast human generations boil!)

The lines seemed suddenly to embody themselves before my eyes. The gloomy overcast sky and the seething throng of human animals conspired to jerk, so to speak, these terrible lines into concrete visualisation. And especially the vast throng of Sunday-making people, so stupendous and overwhelming! The very thing to move Xerxes to tears over the sentimental reflection that not one of these multitudes would be alive when a hundred years had gone by.

Just as the "Peking Man" (that paleontological reconstruction) is the Chinaman of the past, so the "Shanghai Man" is the Chinaman of the present, and — who knows? — might be that of the future too. In current Chinese literature, the term "Shanghai Man" has long been used as the synonym for a Babbitian sort of person, smart, efficient, self-complacent, with ever so slight a touch of vulgarity. He has the best of everything and is healthily innocent of all spiritual fermentations. Mammon is in Heaven and all's right with the world! Like the poet, the "Shanghai Man" is born, not made. Not everybody living or buried alive in Shanghai can be the blessed "Shanghai Man." We poor journalists, for example, have certainly no claim to that honorific title. And of that huge Sunday-making crowd at least twenty per cent have been merely compelled to seek their living here, unadapted and unadaptable to Shanghai. I know many persons who have spent twenty or thirty years in Shanghai and yet remained to the end strangers in a strange land.

Now this failure to adapt oneself to one's milieu may be a case of what Bergson calls "raideur" and therefore fit for ridicule. But we might be mistaken; for this apparent raideur is perhaps the sign of strong character and superior intelligence. Have not men of powerful intellect and fine sensibility often complained within our hearing that they felt out of their element in Shanghai, or that they at once despised and envied the contentment of the "Shanghai Man" with his environment? It is no sheer accident that the campaign for humor inaugurated by the Analects Semi-monthly should have started among the Shanghai Intellectuals. In an article published in the China Critic several years ago, Dr. Y. T. Lin made a superfine analysis of the varieties of Chinese Humor. But this New Humor (of which Dr. Lin is himself the sponsor) is the Old Humor writ small: there is no Rabelaisian heartiness or Shakespearean broadness in it. It is full of subtle arriere-pensee, refined petulance, and above all a kind of nostalgia as evinced in the loving memory of the academic life in Europe, the rehabilitation of the culture of the Ming dynasty, etc. This shows that our New Humorists are really out of humor with their surroundings and laugh probably because they are too civilised to weep.

A publicist lately spoke on the lack of "Culture" in Shanghai. He talked of founding libraries and other "cultural" institutions with a view to bringing sweetness and light to Shanghai. Sweetness and light indeed! Can there be anything other than sourness and gloom under "this black lid of the mighty pot"?

(原載The China Critic﹝中國評論週報﹞,VII,1934,收錄於《錢鍾書英文文集》,北京:外語教學與研究出版社,2005,34-36 頁)
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