A362-領導讀物Leadership  JCW, 2009/08/15. Copyright.

☆☆☆ Super Connection ▽

(1).Th Forum:  https://city.udn.com/61613/forum 

(2). My Blog:  http://blog.udn.com/jcwang00/article

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

前此，我在拙作A359、A360、A361裡已經說過人的成功有三個條件：遺傳、教育、命和運；那是一種探討人生的思相。一般人都想要改命換運則是迷信；我看過的一大堆資料可供參考：

Destiny^中文；Divine,；Doom；Fate；Fortune；Fortunism；Future^{中文Simple English}；Futurism,Kama；Kismet Lot；Luck^{Simple English}；Numerology；Predestination；靈數學；數秘術；巫術；占卜；算命；命相術；風水^English；五術……

今天清晨想到知與行的相互關係。面對人生，知行合一其實真難。處事，究意是 "知難行易" 還是 "知易行難" 呢？

(a). Neo-Confucianism and Later Confucian Philosophy(英文的；篇名意為 "新孔夫子主義與後孔夫子哲學")

(b). 國立師師範大學師大學報28期363頁文學院國文系陳郁夫著王陽明的知良知

(c). 王守仁(陽明) - 维基百科

不論 "行" 的易或不易、難抑不難，任何事終是必須既知又行才會有成功的可能。要知，就得多學多思；要行，像我那個 "未來世界的政治主張" 就要等懂得領導的人出現才行。

懂得 "領導"？

★(1). leadership: Definition, Synonyms from Answers.com：英文Leadership此詞除了指領導職權外，亦指 a). Capacity or ability to lead 領導的能力和程度；b). Guidance; direction引導；指導。文末，它介紹了一種領導者適用的自我測試 "Emotional Intelligence Appraisal"；有三種版本a). Online，b). Booklet，c). Consultation Edition(要付費的)。不知這種測試在兩岸是否都在普遍使用。假使我想做領袖(台灣叫領袖，大陸稱領導)，我一定買它一套來：非僅要候選上任前測一次，我上任後運要每天早晚各測一次，庶幾不負選民之託……我每日早晚各測一次：為領袖而無愧乎？對得起人民乎？每次都有進步乎？
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

維基百科有一篇標題是 "Ledership" 的資料；但是它中文和Simple English版本的題目則是 "Leaders" 和 "領袖"。英文 "Leader" 和中文 "領袖" 同義，是指人或集團；英文 "Leadership" 則指領袖的職權作為等等，相當於中文 "領導" 之意。該文的Simple English篇只有短短三句話，中文篇也只有三段，而且都只是 "領袖" 此詞的解釋；洋人的維基目中無華人的領導，還是看英文原本吧：

★(2). Leadership^{中文Simple English}-Wikipedia：Leadership is and has been described as the "process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task" ^[1].領導乃指某人運用其 "社會影響力" 的能力；藉此，他就可以利用旁人的支援去完成某事。 A definition more inclusive of followers comes from Alan Keith of Genentech who said "Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen"^[2] . 更切實的定義則如Genetech公司A.Keith所說： "領導乃指帶領人眾去從事某一不易完成之事"……According to the late Jules H. Masserman, American psychoanalyst and former member of the faculty of Northwestern University medical school, leaders must fulfill three functions: the leader must provide for the well-being of the led, provide a social organization in which people feel relatively secure, and provide a set of beliefs. 据已故、曾任職美國西北大學醫學院的J.H.Masserman心理學博士說："領袖必須具備三大功能："具有勝任的領導能力，掌握某一能予追隨者安全感的社會組織，能提出一套令人信服的思想主張"。

Contents：本文共有以下各章節，各位可以擇悅而自習之：

1 Theories of leadership領導的理論學說

 1.1 Trait theory 特性說

 (註：出自此詞的Traitor就是奸逆、賣國賊，背信者、出賣朋友的人)

 1.2 Behavioral and style theories行為風格說

 1.3 Situational and contingency theories場合與節制說

 1.4 Functional theory功能說

 1.5 Transactional and transformational theories交易與變形說

 1.6 Leadership and emotions領導與情感

2 Leadership performance 領導能力的表現

3 Contexts of leadership 領導範圍別

 3.1 Leadership in organizations 組織的領導

 3.2 Leadership versus management 領導與管理之不同

 3.3 Leadership by a group 集體領導

 3.4 Leadership among primates 靈長類的領導問題

4 Historical views on leadership 領導的歷史觀

5 Action Orientated Team Leadership Skills 小隊人馬引領活動的技巧

6 Titles emphasizing authority 名銜表示權威

7 Criticism of the concept of leadership 領導能力天生說

8 See also參見：下分三項 1.Types of leadership and other theories領導的類別和其他理論 ; 2.Contexts of leadership領導範圍別； 3.Related articles有關文稿

9 References 參考資料

10 External links - Leadership at the Open Directory Project 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

★(3). "Overview of Leadership in Organizations組織領導概說" Written by Carter McNamara, MBA, PhD, Authenticity Consulting, LLC. Copyright 1997-2008. Adapted from the Field Guide to Leadership and Supervision. - Many people today are seeking to understand, and many people are writing about the concept and practices of leadership. There are a great many reasons for the popularity of the topic, including that organizations are faced with changes like never before.今之組織形態多變，已使此論題日更熱門，故，尋求嘹解此事者眾，撰文論之者亦眾。 The concept of leadership is relevant to any aspect of ensuring effectiveness in organizations and in managing change.領導觀念可以增進組織和它面臨變化的效能。This topic in the Library helps you to fully understand the concept and practices of leadership本文將有助於您對領導觀念有實務的認知……

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

★(4). Lewin's Leadership Styles - Three Major Leadership Styles - 1939年，Kurt Lewin^中文 將主要的領導型式分為三種，即：1).Authoritarian Leadership權威型 (Autocratic專制)；2). Participative Leadership參與型 (Democratic民主)；3). Delegative協商型 (Laissez-Faire Simple English，自由放任)。另可參見："Leadership Styles"。

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

★(5). Types of Leadership Styles：When developing your leadership skills, one must soon confront an important practical question, "What leadership styles work best for me and my organization?" To answer this question, it's best to understand that there are many from which to choose and as part of your leadership development effort, you should consider developing as many leadership styles as possible. 研發領導技巧時，您會面對 "哪一種領導對我和我的組織最合適" 這個問題。你須知道領導的類別很多，你最好每一種都學一下。

1>. Three Classic Leadership Styles三種古典的領導類別：a. The Autocratic Leadership Style；b. The Participative Leadership Style；c. * The Laissez Faire Leadership Style

2>. Determining the Best Leadership Style為一時的最佳選擇：

 * Situational Leadership 場合型

 * The Emergent Leadership Style 出乎意外的

 * The Transactional Leadership Style 傳統型

 * The Transformational Leadership Style 轉型期的

 * Charisma 天意型

 * Visionary Leadership 觀點型

3>. Other leadership styles include其他類型：

 * Strategic Leadership 策略型
 * Team Leadership 集體領導

 * Facilitative Leadership 便宜型

 * Leadership Influence Styles. 影響性

 * Cross-Cultural Leadership 跨族群型

 * Coaching 教練型

 * Level 5 Leadership 救星型(見Jim Collins 所著 Good to Great)

 * Servant Leadership 服務型

4>. Profiles In Leadership突出的領導：

* Profile 1第一宗：指Ben Bernanke和Henry Paulson兩人之事；對此，Publilius Syrus說 "Any one can hold the helm when the sea is calm (風平浪靜時，任何人都可掌舵)"。澳籍哲學家Karl Popper則說："The two men have widely differing leadership styles but have been thrust together by historical chance in dealing with the 2008 Wall Street financial crisis. Our knowledge can only be finite, while our ignorance must necessarily be infinite.(這兩位的領導方式根本截然不同。因時機之需被硬湊在一起，居然應付了2008年華爾街財政風暴。由此可見我人的認知誠有限，而無知則無窮)"。

5). For Additional Information參考資料

 * Transformational Leadership Primer

 * A Leadership Bibliography of Bibliographies

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

★(6). Leadership Skills領導的技巧 - Leadership, a critical management skill, is the ability to motivate a group of people toward a common goal. These items will help you develop your skills as a leader. 領導是指一種特殊的管理技巧，即動員一群人為共同目的努力的技能。閱讀下列資料，當有助於發展你做領袖的技巧(部分資料要看就得買……早餐不全部是免費的)。

* The Best Leader I Ever Knew
* Best Boss You Have Known
* Talking Out Loud，Leslie Kossoff著
* From Manager to Leader，Leslie Kossoff著
* How To Be A Better Manager
* The Manager As Leader, 4章,4節
* The Toxic Boss Syndrome
* Top Leadership Books
* Obsessions of an Extraordinary Executive
* Beep! Beep! An Interview with Management Guru Oren Harari
* US Congress Fails As Board of Directors
* The Leadership Guide
* The Five P's of Leadership
* Overview of Leadership in Organizations
* Ten Leadership Core Competencies
* Leader, Manager, Supervisor
* Leadership Communications for the 21st Century

=== * ===