计划生育政策即将功亏一篑之五--中国人口战争简介—4
论战双方的观点—3
在上一篇文章里,我们用瑞典的人口统计资料已经证明(参看表1-4):瑞典从1968年起,总和生育率(TFR)即低于所谓的更替指标TFR=2.1,经过28个年头后,直到1996年TFR=1.61时,人口仍旧保持为正增长。“只要总和生育率一旦低于2.1的更替水平,人口就出现负增长,之所以现在还没有出现负增长,是因为滞后的关系”,此说已经不攻自破。到1997年TFR=1.52时,人口才出现负增长0.4‰,经过1998、1999、2000和2001共计5年,人口维持负增长后,到2002年TFR=1.65后,人口又恢复为正增长至今。则“人口一旦出现负增长,人口就不可能回复为正增长”之说,至此,也就成为天大的笑话。
现在,我们再举一个美国的例子,进一步证明反对计划生育派言论的荒谬。从表1-5 美国人口统计表可见,美国从1972年起,总和生育率TFR即降至2.1以下至今(除2006年和2007年TFR=2,108和2,12),长达42个年头,人口始终呈正增长,所谓的“只要总和生育率一旦低于2.1的更替水平,人口就出现负增长,之所以现在还没有出现负增长,是因为滞后的关系”之说,至此又告破产。
美国出生率/总和生育率的比值,长年平均值=7.638,此值今后会有妙用。
|
表1-5 |
美国人口统计表 |
|||||
|
年份 |
人口(千) |
出生率‰ |
死亡率‰ |
增长率‰ |
总和生育率 |
出生/总和 |
|
1935 |
127,362 |
18.7 |
10.9 |
7.7 |
2.19 |
8.538813 |
|
1936 |
128,181 |
18.4 |
11.5 |
6.8 |
2.15 |
8.55814 |
|
1937 |
128,961 |
18.7 |
11.2 |
7.5 |
2.17 |
8.617512 |
|
1938 |
129,969 |
19.2 |
10.6 |
8.6 |
2.22 |
8.648649 |
|
1939 |
131,028 |
18.8 |
10.6 |
8.2 |
2.17 |
8.663594 |
|
1940 |
132,165 |
19.4 |
10.8 |
8.6 |
2.23 |
8.699552 |
|
1941 |
133,002 |
20.3 |
10.5 |
9.8 |
2.33 |
8.712446 |
|
1942 |
134,464 |
22.2 |
10.3 |
11.9 |
2.55 |
8.705882 |
|
1943 |
136,003 |
22.8 |
10.7 |
12.1 |
2.64 |
8.636364 |
|
1944 |
138,083 |
21.2 |
10.2 |
11 |
2.49 |
8.514056 |
|
1945 |
139,994 |
20.4 |
10 |
10.4 |
2.42 |
8.429752 |
|
1946 |
140,008 |
24.1 |
10 |
14.1 |
2.86 |
8.426573 |
|
1947 |
145,023 |
26.6 |
10 |
16.6 |
3.18 |
8.36478 |
|
1948 |
148,013 |
24.9 |
9.8 |
15.1 |
3.03 |
8.217822 |
|
1949 |
149,336 |
24.5 |
9.7 |
14.8 |
3.04 |
8.059211 |
|
1950 |
151,861 |
24.1 |
9.6 |
14.5 |
3.03 |
7.953795 |
|
1951 |
154,056 |
24.8 |
9.6 |
15.2 |
3.2 |
7.75 |
|
1952 |
156,431 |
25 |
9.6 |
15.4 |
3.3 |
7.575758 |
|
1953 |
159,047 |
25.2 |
9.1 |
16.1 |
3.36 |
7.5 |
|
1954 |
161,948 |
24.8 |
9.3 |
15.5 |
3.48 |
7.126437 |
|
1955 |
163,476 |
25 |
9.3 |
14.3 |
3.52 |
7.102273 |
|
1956 |
166,578 |
25.1 |
9.3 |
15.8 |
3.63 |
6.914601 |
|
1957 |
169,637 |
25.3 |
9.5 |
15.8 |
3.71 |
6.819407 |
|
1958 |
172,668 |
24.4 |
9.5 |
14.9 |
3.65 |
6.684932 |
|
1959 |
175,642 |
24 |
9.4 |
14.7 |
3.66 |
6.557377 |
|
1960 |
179,979 |
23.7 |
9.5 |
14.1 |
3.65 |
6.493151 |
|
1961 |
182,992 |
23.3 |
9.3 |
14 |
3.62 |
6.436464 |
|
1962 |
185,771 |
22.4 |
9.5 |
12.9 |
3.46 |
6.473988 |
|
1963 |
188,483 |
21.7 |
9.6 |
12.1 |
3.32 |
6.536145 |
|
1964 |
191,141 |
21.1 |
9.4 |
11.7 |
3.19 |
6.61442 |
|
1965 |
193,526 |
19.4 |
9.5 |
9.9 |
2.91 |
6.666667 |
|
1966 |
195,576 |
18.4 |
9.5 |
8.9 |
2.72 |
6.764706 |
|
1967 |
197,457 |
17.8 |
9.4 |
8.4 |
2.56 |
6.953125 |
|
1968 |
199,399 |
17.6 |
9.7 |
7.9 |
2.46 |
7.154472 |
|
1969 |
201,385 |
17.9 |
9.5 |
8.4 |
2.46 |
7.276423 |
|
1970 |
203,984 |
18.4 |
9.4 |
9 |
2.48 |
7.419355 |
|
1971 |
206,827 |
17.2 |
9.3 |
7.9 |
2.266 |
7.590468 |
|
1972 |
209,284 |
15.6 |
9.4 |
6.2 |
2.01 |
7.761194 |
|
1973 |
211,357 |
14.8 |
9.5 |
5.3 |
1.879 |
7.87653 |
|
1974 |
213,342 |
14.8 |
9.1 |
5.7 |
1.835 |
8.065395 |
|
1975 |
215,465 |
14.6 |
8.8 |
5.8 |
1.774 |
8.229989 |
|
1976 |
217,563 |
14.6 |
8.8 |
5.8 |
1.738 |
8.40046 |
|
1977 |
219,760 |
15.1 |
8.6 |
6.5 |
1.789 |
8.44047 |
|
1978 |
222,095 |
15 |
8.7 |
6.3 |
1.76 |
8.522727 |
|
1979 |
224,567 |
15.6 |
8.5 |
7.1 |
1.808 |
8.628319 |
|
1980 |
227,225 |
15.9 |
8.8 |
7.1 |
1.839 |
8.646003 |
|
1981 |
229,466 |
15.8 |
8.6 |
7.2 |
1.812 |
8.719647 |
|
1982 |
231,664 |
15.9 |
8.5 |
7.4 |
1.827 |
8.702791 |
|
1983 |
233,792 |
15.6 |
8.6 |
6.9 |
1.799 |
8.671484 |
|
1984 |
235,825 |
15.6 |
8.6 |
6.9 |
1.806 |
8.637874 |
|
1985 |
237,924 |
15.8 |
8.8 |
7 |
1.844 |
8.56833 |
|
1986 |
240,133 |
15.6 |
8.8 |
6.9 |
1.837 |
8.492107 |
|
1987 |
242,289 |
15.7 |
8.8 |
7 |
1.872 |
8.386752 |
|
1988 |
244,499 |
16 |
8.9 |
7.1 |
1.934 |
8.273009 |
|
1989 |
246,819 |
16.4 |
8.7 |
7.7 |
2.014 |
8.142999 |
|
1990 |
249,623 |
16.7 |
8.6 |
8.1 |
2.081 |
8.024988 |
|
1991 |
252,981 |
16.2 |
8.6 |
7.7 |
2.062 |
7.85645 |
|
1992 |
256,514 |
15.8 |
8.5 |
7.4 |
2.046 |
7.722385 |
|
1993 |
259,919 |
15.4 |
8.7 |
6.7 |
2.019 |
7.627538 |
|
1994 |
263,126 |
15 |
8.7 |
6.4 |
2.001 |
7.496252 |
|
1995 |
266,278 |
14.6 |
8.7 |
6 |
1.978 |
7.381193 |
|
1996 |
269,394 |
14.4 |
8.6 |
5.9 |
1.976 |
7.287449 |
|
1997 |
272,647 |
14.2 |
8.5 |
5.7 |
1.971 |
7.204465 |
|
1998 |
275,854 |
14.3 |
8.5 |
5.8 |
1.999 |
7.153577 |
|
1999 |
279,040 |
14.2 |
8.6 |
5.6 |
2.007 |
7.075237 |
|
2000 |
282,172 |
14.4 |
8.5 |
5.9 |
2.056 |
7.003891 |
|
2001 |
285,082 |
14.1 |
8.5 |
5.6 |
2.03 |
6.945813 |
|
2002 |
287,804 |
14 |
8.5 |
5.5 |
2.02 |
6.930693 |
|
2003 |
290,326 |
14.1 |
8.4 |
5.5 |
2.047 |
6.888129 |
|
2004 |
293,046 |
14 |
8.2 |
5.9 |
2.051 |
6.825939 |
|
2005 |
295,753 |
14 |
8.3 |
5.7 |
2.057 |
6.806028 |
|
2006 |
298,593 |
14.3 |
8.1 |
6.2 |
2.108 |
6.783681 |
|
2007 |
301,580 |
14.3 |
8 |
6.3 |
2.12 |
6.745283 |
|
2008 |
304,375 |
14 |
8.1 |
5.9 |
2.072 |
6.756757 |
|
2009 |
307,007 |
13.5 |
7.9 |
5.6 |
2.002 |
6.743257 |
|
2010 |
309,330 |
13 |
8 |
5 |
1.931 |
6.732263 |
|
2011 |
12.7 |
8.1 |
4.6 |
1.894 |
6.705385 |
|
|
12.6 |
8.1 |
4.5 |
1.88 |
6.702128 |
||
|
2013 |
12.5 |
1.869 |
6.688068 |
|||
|
总和 |
603.41 |
|||||
|
79年 |
79 |
|||||
|
平均 |
7.638102 |
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