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巴勒斯坦這塊土地,自從有阿拉伯人及猶太人,就是爭先恐後的爭奪為什麼?
奉阿拉真主之名,巴勒斯坦人誓言,報仇,血債血償,以牙還牙,以眼還眼,無論是猶太人或是阿拉伯人,他們都如此惡性循環斷的上演戰爭遊戲.
Rashid Khalidi’s account of Jewish settlers’ conquest of Palestine is informed and passionate. It pulls no punches in its critique of Jewish-Israeli policies (policies that have had wholehearted US support after 1967), but it also lays out the failings of the Palestinian leadership. Khalidi participated in this history as an activist scion of a leading Palestinian family: in Beirut during the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, and as part of the Palestinian negotiating team prior to the 1995 Israeli-Palestinian peace accords. He slams Israel but his is also an elegy for the Palestinians, for their dispossession, for their failure to resist conquest. It is a relentless story of Jewish-Israeli bad faith, alongside one of Palestinian corruption and political short-sightedness.
Khalidi sets out his stall early on: the Palestine-Israel war was never one between two national movements contesting equally over the same land but was always a “settler colonial conquest” by Europe-based Zionists whose founding father, Theodor Herzl, laid bare the project to Khalidi’s great-great-great uncle in 1899: Palestine’s indigenous population did not matter and would anyway benefit from the modernising effects of Jewish “pioneers”, such as America with its westward Manifest Destiny. For Khalidi, Jewish settlers, aided by Britain from 1917, and by the US later on, colonised Palestine, creating and securing Israel through six “wars”: the Balfour declaration of 1917; the 1947 UN partition plan; the 1967 UN security council resolution 242; the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon; the 1993 Oslo peace accords; and Israeli leader Ariel Sharon’s Temple Mount visit in 2000.
Palestinian leaders from elite notables in the 1930s to Yasser Arafat and PLO-Fatah in the 60s to Hamas never successfully channelled the people’s passion to resist. This is not to “blame the victim”. Khalidi points to the huge obstacles in the way: in Britain and later the US, Protestant Christians bought into this “colonial war” to “civilise” the native population. There is a useful tension here between colonial superstructure and the patriarchal hierarchy and cronyism underpinning Palestinian elite leadership. Central to Khalidi’s study are the deceits of the Zionist/Israeli leadership but bubbling up through the text are key moments of resistance that demanded the insurgent organisation and charisma of a Michael Collins, a Mahatma Gandhi, or a Ho Chi Minh. This never happened. Instead, the well-organised Zionist movement (and Israel) instinctively divided disunited opposition.
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A landmark history of one hundred years of war waged against the Palestinians from the foremost US historian of the Middle East, told through pivotal events and family history.
“This book is a masterful work of scholarship and personal history excavating unlike any I’ve seen before; this will become a major force in the Palestinian historical canon in the years to come.”
—LITERARY HUB
“Focused on the Palestinians’ lived experience of a century of war, never losing sight of the geo-political forces that fostered it, Rashid Khalidi has written a book of comprehensive scholarship with the delicacy and intensity of a novel.”
—AHDAF SOUEIF, author of The Map of Love
Celebrations in Tel Aviv, 14 May 1948, on the proclamation of a new state of Israel. 19480514.以色列復國建國成功.
While mainstream Zionism publicly proclaimed that the two communities in Palestine could live harmoniously together, Jewish activists such as Ze’ev Jabotinsky as early as 1923 presented the honest facts: all native populations will resist colonialists and Palestinians were no different. The Jews needed an “iron wall” of bayonets. British rule after the first world war supported settlement until 1939 when, on the eve of another global conflict, London changed tack to garner wider Arab support. The British defeated a widespread revolt by Palestinians in 1936, in which their elites emblematically fought among themselves as they did against external enemies. There was no Irish-style Dáil Éireann, no nascent branches of government, and no centralised military forces to outwit the British. Britain crushed Palestinian resistance, doing the Jewish state-builders’ work for them. As Israel came into being in 1948, the Palestinian negotiator with the UN didn’t even have a secretary. Many senior Israeli leaders came from America, knew the place, and spoke its language. In 1947, no senior Palestinian leader had lived in or visited the US.
Khalidi takes the reader through the long, hard years after 1948 when Israel (and neighbouring Arab states) screwed down the Palestinians. The six-day war, as America struggled in Vietnam, was a hinge event, turning the US to Israel as its prime ally against Soviet-backed Arab regimes. While presidents such as Eisenhower and Kennedy were willing to stand up to Israel, after 1967 – except Bush Snr and secretary of state James Baker – the rest fell into line. Khalidi lays out remarkable exchanges between US and Israeli officials (including a thrusting young Benjamin Netanyahu) in which the US rolled over.
Palestinian resistance endured, helped by the law of unintended consequences: Israel’s crushing of Egypt in 1967 boosted the PLO, while the 1982 Lebanon invasion prompted the 1987 intifada. Israel unintentionally resurrected Palestinian resistance by its heavy-handed actions. Arafat looms large in the book’s final chapters, and not to his credit. He started as he meant to continue, by cheating in student elections as a young man in Cairo. The peace after 1993 brought Arafat into Israel, where it monitored and controlled him. Nothing changed. Fatah militants who had spent time in Israeli jails tortured Hamas detainees. The Greater Israel settlement project on the West Bank continued apace, Israel arguing that Palestinians neither wanted peace nor accepted Israel, a point Khalidi contests.
The Palestinians have belied David Ben Gurion’s reputed comment that “the old will die and the young will forget”. Short of another bout of ethnic cleansing, Israel is burdened with a resentful, growing, non-Jewish population. The solution is meaningful dialogue, but this requires political will. Regrettably, it is a distant hope..
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巴勒斯坦之殤：對抗帝國主義的百年反殖民戰爭:
除了宗教戰爭之外,簡言之就是巴勒斯坦對抗西方國家與美國帝國主義的鬥爭,以巴戰爭是沿續性質的戰爭,沒完沒了的戰爭,直到世界的末日,應驗了聖經與古蘭經記載的預言,以巴戰爭右促使天然氣,石油,糧食,礦產等戰略性物質的價錢報漲,受害者就是全球的人民,而受益者卻是美國及西方國家背後的財團,尤其是被猶太人掌控的集團企業,也就是說阿拉伯人的財團也參與其中獲得利益...
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筆者在上一世紀,曾經參訪以色列的聖城耶路撒冷以及巴勒斯坦加薩走廊的難民營,天壤之別地,獄與天堂就在一牆之隔為什麼?
The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017.
巴勒斯坦－以色列衝突是一場已持續長達百年以上的衝突。自十九世紀末開始，許多流亡海外的猶太人開始返回巴勒斯坦，希望能重建已經滅亡將近兩千年的猶太國家。但問題是在這段時間裡，巴勒斯坦人也在這裡居住了上千年，誰是新住民？誰是舊住民？誰有權宣稱擁有這塊土地的主權，就成了一切爭議的源頭。
本書作者哈利迪是愛德華．薩依德之後，巴以衝突最重要的研究者，也是國際權威期刊《巴勒斯坦研究學刊》的主編。不同過往描述巴以衝突的作品，本書有四大特色。
首先，哈利迪提出以「殖民戰爭」的角度審視巴以衝突，認為以色列早從十九世紀末出現猶太復國主義，二十世紀英美大國全力支持以色列立國，顯示以色列及其盟友有意識地向巴勒斯坦人發動殖民戰爭，意圖奪取巴勒斯坦人的土地，要在巴勒斯坦建立國家。
第二，本書以年代先後描述巴以衝突的百年歷史，利用六起重要的國際事件，包括貝爾福宣言、聯合國第一八一號決議、六日戰爭、黎巴嫩戰爭、奧斯陸協議、大衛營峰會，一步步勾勒出歷史的原貌。
第三，本書除了是部巴勒斯坦人的歷史，也融入了作者個人的生命史、整個哈利迪家族的家族史。哈利迪家族的成員就是這百年歷史的見證者。
最後，本書不強調巴勒斯坦人的「悲情色彩」，除了會抨擊以色列及其盟友的不公正作為，也不忘針貶巴勒斯坦領導層的失誤與無能。希望透過重新審視這段歷史，能為至今仍無法解決的歷史難題提供一個有啟發的新視角。
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對於那些想要了解以巴衝突的來龍去脈又想要保持思想開放的人來說，一定別錯過這本書。這本書是高水準學術研究和親身經驗的非凡結合，儘管它帶有明顯的巴勒斯坦人觀點，但仍是公正的，而且極具可讀性。美國人和以色列的讀者尤其應該閱讀這本書，也包括那些更年輕、更傾向自由的人們，在這個地區有兩個理應存在的國家，它們的命運現在必須要交在它們的手中。請不要讓這種情況再持續一百年了。──博納德．波特（Bernard Porter），《雅各賓》雜誌（Jacobin）
一絲不苟的文獻紀錄。（哈利迪的）詳盡研究……讓讀者可以毫無疑問地了解，猶太殖民者從一開始就敏銳地意識到，巴勒斯坦人民必須被征服和清洗，從而建立起一個猶太國家。──克里斯．赫奇斯（Chris Hedges），Truthdig網站
（哈利迪）巧妙地平衡了他對歷史和外交文件的專業分析，並且提供了他本人和他的親屬們的洞見，他們在整個二十世紀都扮演著領導角色……強烈推薦這本書。──伊莉莎白．海福德（Elizabeth Hayford），《圖書館雜誌》（Library Journal）星級評論
極好的書…… 這是一部關於巴勒斯坦人爭取自由的直言不諱的歷史……拉希德．哈利迪毫不留情地批評了國內外政治人物的卑劣行徑，他們延續了巴勒斯坦人的苦難。──《晨星》雜誌（Morning Star）英國共產黨發言.
拉希德．哈利迪以其智慧和洞察力，讓以色列人、巴勒斯坦人等各方放下各自抱持的幻想。他將傑出的學術研究成果與豐富的戰爭和外交第一手經驗相結合，呼籲雙方能夠接受彼此和接受彼此的權利平等，這是結束一個世紀衝突的唯一途徑。這是一本傑出的著作。──尤金．羅根（Eugene Rogan），《阿拉伯人五百年史》作者
這是一部引人入勝的原創作品，是第一部在深入了解巴勒斯坦人的鬥爭的基礎上探討他們所面臨的戰爭的作品。這部書以其扎實的學術研究、生動的個人經歷以及對這場極不平等的衝突中的爭執方的關切和願望的敏銳理解而變得更加豐富。──諾姆．喬姆斯基（Noam Chomsky），《失敗的國家》作者
這本傑出的歷史學術著作是一本勇敢、卓爾不群、偉大的作品，同時又充滿了戲劇性和迷人的敘述。拉希德．哈利迪在這本書中提出了令人信服的證據，對西方對這一問題的傳統看法進行了重新評估，是阿以衝突研究中的一個里程碑。──阿維．史萊姆（Avi Shlaim），《鐵牆》（Iron Wall）作者
這是第一部關於巴勒斯坦人民百年鬥爭的真正的人民歷史，優美的文字，對正義和自決的呼喚。──羅克珊．鄧巴－歐提茲（Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz），《美國原住民史》（An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States）作者
對巴勒斯坦歷史的細緻描述，為研究全球範圍內的定居者殖民主義提供了一個出色的框架。你可以不同意哈利迪的觀點，但是你不能錯過與他爭論的機會。──霍米．巴巴（Homi K Bhabha），《文化的位置》（The Location of Culture）作者
拉希德．哈利迪通過扎根於自己家族歷史的學術性敘述，提供了一種全新的解釋，表明了巴勒斯坦是大國政治板塊變動中的一個暴力、磨人的斷層。這本書的描述肯定會成為一個經典。──伊莉莎白．湯普森（Elizabeth F. Thompson），《被中斷的正義》（Justice Interrupted）作者
本書文筆優美，通俗易懂，對巴勒斯坦－猶太復國主義的糾葛進行了寶貴的研究，將巴勒斯坦人的抵抗視為反對定居殖民統治的鬥爭，而不是將它看作是衝突解方中的一個問題──這是一個重要的區別，對於更深入地理解戰爭和有意義地解決問題來說是必不可少的。──薩拉．羅伊（Sara Roy），《哈馬斯和加薩的公民社會》（Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza）作者
In 1899, Yusuf Diya al-Khalidi, mayor of Jerusalem, alarmed by the Zionist call to create a Jewish national home in Palestine, wrote a letter aimed at Theodore Herzl: the country had an indigenous people who would not easily accept their own displacement. He warned of the perils ahead, ending his note, “in the name of God, let Palestine be left alone.” Thus Rashid Khalidi, al-Khalidi’s great-great-nephew, begins this sweeping history, the first general account of the conflict told from an explicitly Palestinian perspective.
Drawing on a wealth of untapped archival materials and the reports of generations of family members—mayors, judges, scholars, diplomats, and journalists—The Hundred Years War on Palestine upends accepted interpretations of the conflict, which tend, at best, to describe a tragic clash between two peoples with claims to the same territory. Instead, Khalidi traces a hundred years of colonial war on the Palestinians, waged first by the Zionist movement and then Israel, but backed by Britain and the United States, the great powers of the age. He highlights the key episodes in this colonial campaign, from the 1917 Balfour Declaration to the destruction of Palestine in 1948, from Israel’s 1982 invasion of Lebanon to the endless and futile peace process.
Original, authoritative, and important, The Hundred Years War on Palestine is not a chronicle of victimization, nor does it whitewash the mistakes of Palestinian leaders or deny the emergence of national movements on both sides. In reevaluating the forces arrayed against the Palestinians, it offers an illuminating new view of a conflict that continues to this day..
這本尖銳的著作比以往任何時候都更清楚地表明了巴勒斯坦經歷中經常被刻意低估的殖民占領性質。它提醒我們，儘管在當地和全球都有反對他們的勢力，但巴勒斯坦人民仍有堅定不移的非凡能力。──薩里．馬克迪西（Saree Makdisi），《巴勒斯坦內情》（Palestine Inside Out）作者
拉什德．哈利迪Rashid Khalidi
出生和成長於美國紐約，是世界最重要的巴勒斯坦歷史研究者，他祖輩的家族是耶路撒冷的顯赫望族，家族中不乏巴勒斯坦重要歷史關頭的親歷者和重要歷史人物，哈利迪家族圖書館更是收藏有大量重要歷史文獻。
哈利迪也是哥倫比亞大學現代阿拉伯研究系所的薩依德教授《巴勒斯坦研究學刊》的合編人，以及七本著作的作者，其中包括《巴勒斯坦人的認同》、《欺詐的掮客》和《鐵籠》。他的文章常刊登於《紐約時報》、《波士頓環球報》、《洛杉磯時報》和《芝加哥論壇報》等有影響力的報紙以及發表在許多學術期刊中。.
..Rashid Khalidi is the author of Palestinian Identity, Brokers of Deceit, and The Iron Cage, among others. His writing has appeared in the New York Times, Boston Globe, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, and many other journals. He is the Edward Said Professor of Modern Arab Studies at Columbia University in New York and editor of the Journal of Palestine Studies.
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