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Bavaria, German Bayern, largest Land (state) of Germany, comprising the entire southeastern portion of the country. Bavaria is bounded to the north by the states of Thuringia and Saxony, to the east by the Czech Republic, to the south and southeast by Austria, and to the west by the states of Baden-Württemberg and Hessen. Munich (München) is the capital. Historically, the north has been inhabited by descendants of the Franks, the southeast by residents of old Bavarian stock, and the southwest by people of Bavarian-Swabian descent. The majority of Bavaria’s inhabitants still live in small towns. Only about one-fifth live in cities of 100,000 or more. Munich is the third largest city in Germany and the largest city in Bavaria..

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.2022.深秋時節,樂觀開朗的巴伐利亞居民,依舊外出購物,市政廳廣場及街頭巷尾,充滿人民享受陽光的照耀,暢飲啤酒談笑風生,2020.COVID-19.疫病漫延,停辦的幕尼黑啤酒節如今恢復過來擴大舉行..

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History of Bavaria:The earliest known inhabitants in the area of present-day Bavaria were the Celts. Romans conquered the region about the beginning of the Common Era. They divided the southern part into Raetia and Noricum and built fortifications along the northern boundary to keep out the Teutons. Flourishing Roman colonies arose in the south at Augsburg, Kempten, Regensburg, and Passau.

The Romans were overcome in the 5th century by repeated Germanic attacks. The lands were eventually settled by Germanic tribes from the east and north who mixed with the remaining Celts and Romans. The tribe that gave the territory its name was the Baiovarii (Bavarians), which settled in the south between 488 and 520 CE. In the 7th and 8th centuries Bavaria was Christianized by Irish and Scottish monks. In 788 Charlemagne incorporated Bavaria into the Carolingian empire for a short time...

Bavaria became a part of the Holy Roman Empire in the 10th century. During that period Bavaria was constantly ravaged and all but depopulated by the Hungarians. At the Battle of Pressburg (now Bratislava, Slovakia), on July 4, 907, the Hungarians inflicted a disastrous defeat on the Bavarians, but Hungarian ambitions in Bavaria were checked permanently in 955 by Otto I at the Battle of Lechfeld, just south of Augsburg. That defeat ushered in an era of cooperation between Bavaria and Hungary, culminating in 996 with the marriage of the Bavarian princess Gisela and the Hungarian prince who would be crowned king as Stephen I. In 1180 the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa gave Bavaria to the count palatine Otto of Wittelsbach. That marked the start of the Wittelsbach dynasty, which was to rule Bavaria until 1918.

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After World War II there was an influx of refugees from the Sudetenland and eastern Europe, where many ethnic Germans had lived for centuries. A significant proportion of Bavaria’s population at the beginning of the 21st century was composed of those refugees and their descendants. Beginning in the 1960s, the industrial areas received large numbers of migrant workers from southern Europe..

.Farms in Bavaria tend to be large and highly mechanized. The Gäuboden Plain, a fertile farming basin along the southern bank of the Danube, is known as the granary of Bavaria. Rye, wheat, and barley take up about half of the farmland; much of the rest is planted with other grains and feed crops. The Allgäu is Germany’s leading cheese- and butter-producing region..

After World War II the government made efforts to attract industries, with the result that Bavaria attained a higher rate of industrial growth than the rest of Germany. Munich, the largest industrial centre in Bavaria, is the focus of high-technology industries and a major transportation hub. Manufacturers there produce precision optical and electrical equipment, machinery, motor vehicles, aircraft, and clothing. Nürnberg, Erlangen, and Fürth form Bavaria’s second largest industrial area. Nürnberg (Nuremberg) is one of Germany’s leading centres of electrical manufacturing and also produces many types of machinery, from heavy equipment to precision instruments. Fürth specializes in metals processing. Electrical engineering and high technology are important economic activities in Erlangen. Other important products manufactured in Bavaria include electronics and aerospace equipment, chemicals, textiles, toys, beer, foodstuffs, and fine china and industrial ceramics.

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由於俄烏戰爭影響到,德國天然氣短缺,價格爆漲,德國巴伐利亞地區的居民,重新啟用中古世紀的建築物,重新點燃蠟燭,木材,燒煤炭為生活所需要,當地村民組織維護古建築物委員會,聘請專家講授,中古世紀的城堡及村莊建築物以及生活的各行各業情形,尤其是要讓年輕人,深刻體會前人在沒有現代化工業設施的年代,如何為生活而奮鬥,科隆大教堂已經恢復過來夜間點燃蠟燭照明,教堂的圖書館依舊如同當時修道院使用蠟燭照明工作,抄錄經書古籍,科隆大學的歷史系學生及古建築物研究所他們的學生,必須在教堂的修士指導教授,傳遞古中世紀的工作,讓時光彷彿重新回到中古世紀,令人懷念思古悠閒地的生活情景,德國歷經第一次世界大戰及第二次世界大戰,2次世界性的戰爭,深知戰爭的可怕以及後遺症,無論是經濟,社會,文化,宗教,工商業,人口各方面遭受到嚴重的戰火摧毀,如今俄烏戰爭持續進行式,有朝1日俄羅斯,再也無法忍受,NATO/USA.及西方國家的壓迫,正如俄羅斯總統普京,警告俄羅斯將率先使用核子武器還擊,屆時烏克蘭的核能發電廠被炸毀,核子幅射物隨風飄散,傳遍歐洲大陸污染,顯示出歐洲真的要倒退1000年,重返中古世紀過日子好不好?

傳聞巴伐利亞迪居民通常趁者黑夜的掩護進入森林盜伐樹木 ? 

德國人有先見之明已經重新啟用中古世紀的生活模式.好應付未來的挑戰相信其他歐洲國家會跟隨德國..

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.Gates of Rothenburg ob der Tauber. Bavaria. Germany..