Sixteen months after Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed began a military campaign in the Tigray region, fighting has slowed but Ethiopians are bitterly divided and their country is wracked by suffering..

.蘇聯2戰時期老舊坦克車不堪一擊就報廢喇(無油料及彈藥補充).

Government soldiers in the Afar region: Reports of a fresh offensive have still not been confirmed by officials.

衣索匹亞政府軍隊使用老舊型蘇聯武器對抗,叛軍 Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF)的美國及西方國家的武器,衣索匹亞政府軍鬥志高昂,他們信奉古老的上帝(耶和華),傳聞就是以色列國王所羅門的後裔,舊約聖經記載東方示芭女王,越過萬水千山來訪以色列國王所羅門,一見鍾情最後戀愛成婚,衣索匹亞是非洲文明古國信仰上帝(耶和華),熟識摩西的5經及律法不食豬肉,每天早中晚祈禱上帝保佑,以色列在古代被外族入侵滅國3次以上,聖經皆有詳細記載,以色列(希伯來)聖殿,被焚燬破壞殆盡,傳聞衣索匹亞的戰士,萬里長征解救以色列的聖殿,將約貴神器等聖殿寶物救出,護送回到衣索匹亞藏匿於秘密山區,自古以來無人知悉,傳聞猶太人(以色列12支派的利未人曾經設法親眼見到聖殿寶物,尤其是約櫃寶座完整如初)?

20世紀80年代左右美國及西方國家曾經多次拍攝電影,諸如所羅門國王的寶藏及法櫃神兵之類的電影,誘騙人們到衣索匹亞觀光遊玩,但也就是說有政府官員及大學考古學家混跡其中,明查暗訪的探勘寶藏..

.示巴女王（希伯來語：מַֽלְכַּת־שְׁבָׄא‎，古希臘語：βασίλισσα Σαβὰ），又譯席巴女王，在希伯來聖經記載中，是一位統治非洲東部示巴王國的女王，與所羅門王生活在相同年代。示巴的位置大約相等於今日的衣索比亞，相傳亦是閃的後人.。其治下的勢力在最強盛時期，疆域涵蓋非洲之角及大葉門地區。

聖經記載以色列最強盛時代的所羅門王,曾經因其大有智慧的名聲吸引非洲古國示巴的女王前來,找難題考較他。她被所羅門王折服後,送給以色列黃金和香料,所羅門王也以厚禮回贈。英國劍橋大學研究員(Toomas Kivisild)在《美國人類基因學期刊》(the American Journal of Human Genetics)發表的研究顯示,示巴女王可能帶回來另一項禮物：以色列人的血統。

.The Queen of Sheba.:

The Queen of Sheba (Hebrew: מַלְכַּת שְׁבָא, romanized: Malkaṯ Šəḇāʾ,^[ in the Hebrew Bible; Koinē Greek: βασίλισσα Σαβά, romanized: basílissa Sabá, in the Septuagint;^[ Syriac: ܡܠܟܬ ܫܒܐ;^{[[romanization needed]} Geez: ንግሥተ ሳባ, romanized: Nəgśətä Saba^[]), whose name is not stated, came to Jerusalem "with a very great retinue, with camels bearing spices, and very much gold, and precious stones" (I Kings 10:2). "Never again came such an abundance of spices" (10:10; II Chron. 9:1–9) as those she gave to Solomon. She came "to prove him with hard questions", which Solomon answered to her satisfaction. They exchanged gifts, after which she returned to her land.^]

The use of the term ḥiddot or riddles (I Kings 10:1), an Aramaic loanword whose shape points to a sound shift no earlier than the sixth century B.C., indicates a late origin for the text.^[] Since there is no mention of the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, Martin Noth has held that the Book of Kings received a definitive redaction around 550 BC.^[1

Sheba was quite well known in the classical world, and its country was called Arabia Felix.^[10] Around the middle of the first millennium B.C., there were Sabaeans also in Ethiopia and Eritrea, in the area that later became the realm of Aksum.^[] There are five places in the Bible where the writer distinguishes Sheba (שׁבא), i.e. the Yemenite Sabaeans, from Seba (סבא), i.e. the African Sabaeans. In Ps. 72:10 they are mentioned together: "the kings of Sheba and Seba shall offer gifts".^[] This spelling differentiation, however, may be purely factitious; the indigenous inscriptions make no such difference, and both Yemenite and African Sabaeans are there spelled in exactly the same way.^[]

示巴女王在衣索比亞的歷史上,被稱為馬克達(Makeda)。當地的傳說認為,後來開創衣索比亞帝國的君王孟尼里克一世(Menelik I)就是她和所羅門王的孩子。考古學家曾經在衣索比亞發現中東肥沃月灣所種植的小麥與大麥。而衣索比亞人和厄立垂亞附近地區所使用的衣索比亞閃語(Ethio-Semitic)，也源自中東。TK和他的團隊想要瞭解衣索比亞與外面世界的基因關係,對該國10個不同族群188位來自不同地區、講不同語言的男性進行分析。結果發現衣索比亞人的基因沒有非洲南部各族群那樣古老,而且來源比較複雜。在衣索比亞說閃語和庫希特語(Cushitic tongues)的人,基因有一半來自非洲以外的地區,講其他語言的人,則是東非與西非通婚的後裔。這項研究發現,約在3千多年前,衣索比亞曾經有非洲人與非洲以外地區的人通婚。這和語言學家所推論的時間點相吻合，也和示巴女王在位期間(公元前1005到955年)相當。紀懷史爾德的研究團隊認為,非洲之角與中東世界維繫了數百年的關係。這麼長時間的關係,影響到衣索比亞的文化和基因。

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.1959年電影《新所羅門王》中的示巴女王和所羅門王劇照。美國影星麥克道格拉斯飾演所羅門王..意大利女演員洛洛布裏吉達在1959年的電影《新所羅門王》中扮演示巴女王。

The Queen of Sheba (Hebrew: מַלְכַּת שְׁבָא‎, romanized: Malkaṯ Šəḇāʾ; Arabic: ملكة سبأ, romanized: Malikat Sabaʾ; Geez: ንግሥተ ሳባ, romanized: Nəgśətä Saba) is a figure first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. In the original story, she brings a caravan of valuable gifts for the Israelite King Solomon. This account has undergone extensive Jewish, Islamic, Yemenite^[ and Ethiopian elaborations, and it has become the subject of one of the most widespread and fertile cycles of legends in the Middle East.^[]

Modern historians identify Sheba with both the South Arabian kingdom of Saba in present-day Yemen and Ethiopia. The queens existence is disputed among historians.^[]

1.  根據《舊約全書·創世記》第十章22-26章，示巴是約坍的兒子；約坍是希伯的兒子；希伯是沙拉的兒子；沙拉是亞法撒的兒子；亞法撒是閃的兒子。所以示巴是閃的第五代、希伯來人的祖先希伯的孫兒之一。
2.  根據和合本的《舊約全書》譯本，雅歌第一章第5至6節的內容如下：

   • 5

     耶路撒冷的眾女子啊,　我雖然黑,卻是秀美，

     　如同基達的帳棚,　好像所羅門的幔子。

     6:不要因日頭把我曬黑了,就輕看我。

..愛德華‧波因特1890年的作品《所羅門王會見示巴女王》（the Visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon）是另外一個「洗白」的例子。

.

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Moses and Joshua bowing before the Ark.

聖經沒有說明約櫃的去向，很可能在新巴比倫帝國攻占耶路撒冷後將其搗毀（列王紀下 第二十五章）。但是，公元1世紀的猶太歷史學家弗拉維奧·約瑟夫斯認為,約櫃在公元70年猶太戰爭時被羅馬帝國軍隊毀滅,連同聖殿一同被毀。

衣索比亞擁有說.有傳說指有人把約櫃偷運出耶路撒冷,據說現存放於衣索比亞阿克蘇姆市的聖瑪利教堂。探索頻道曾派攝製隊前往衣索比亞,追尋消失了的約櫃,不過當地的教士一直都不肯讓攝製人員觀看。因此約櫃是否仍然存在,到今日仍然是一個謎。?.

.Joshua passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant.

Joshua passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant.

萬惡不赦的美國人,千方百計的尋找及威脅利誘衣索匹亞當局交出以色列聖殿寶物,騙取要重建以色列聖殿,始終無法得逞,因此策劃因此扶植,Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF)「提格雷人民解放陣線」（the Tigray People’s Liberation Front, TPLF）提格雷的主要將領格布雷登（Tsadkan Gebretensae） 將軍重新出山叛亂打殺自己的同胞.

..

Tsadkan Gebretensae.背後有美國及西方國家完全支持撐腰.他聲稱要完全解放衣索匹亞成立新政府.他的叛軍完全西化美國武器裝備除此之外尚有美國軍事顧問協助.

.衣索匹亞政府軍武器落伍兵力不足無法對抗,「提格雷人民解放陣線」（the Tigray People’s Liberation Front, TPLF）.

.A US State Department spokesperson told AFP this week that Washington was "considering the full range of tools at our disposal to address the worsening crisis in northern Ethiopia."

These measures include: "Targeted economic sanctions to hold accountable those responsible for, or complicit in, prolonging the conflict, obstructing humanitarian access or preventing a ceasefire, while mitigating unintended effects on the people of Ethiopia and the wider region."

US global trade representative Katherine Tai on Thursday said Washington would "soon" make a decision on Ethiopias status under the African Growth and Opportunty Act (AGOA) which currently gives it duty-free access to the US. 

"Reports coming back to us through official channels and civil society are not encouraging," she said. "What is happening in Ethiopia is a humanitarian crisis.

ETHhiopia, Eritrea forces launch new offensive in Tigray: TPLF

Troops from the two countries have attacked fighters in the northern Adayabo area, a Tigrayan rebel spokesman says.Ethiopian and Eritrean government forces have launched an attack in Ethiopia’s northern region of Tigray, targeting rebel forces.

Getachew Reda, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) spokesperson, said on Thursday that both nations’ forces had attacked rebels in Adayabo in the north of the region.

衣索匹亞的內戰激烈雙方軍隊皆使用美國及西方國家武器,彼此廝殺大量死亡慘重,提格雷戰爭的交戰雙方均被指使用了人海戰術。衣索比亞政府指責提格雷人民解放陣線把平民推上前線實施人海戰術，並指中央政府一方也可以採用人海戰術對付人海戰術。艾力克斯·德·瓦爾宣稱中央政府一方自2021年6月大敗後實施人海戰術。Martin Plaut宣稱中央政府一方把大量訓練不足的士兵投入戰場，以人海戰術試圖突破提格雷軍戰線。^[據報有些時候進行第二波衝鋒的衣軍士兵根本沒有槍,有數以千計甚至可能萬計的士兵在人海戰術中陣亡。Ann Fitz-Gerald相信同樣採用人海戰術的提格雷軍傷亡更慘重。美國及西方國家對於衣索匹亞的內亂皆保持沉默不知情.

.The TPLF said they had loaned the UN fuel some months ago and were only reclaiming it, but the manner and timing of their act suggests it was not for delivering routine services, as their spokesman claimed.

On the morning of 1 September, the TPLF claimed that Eritrean artillery began a barrage of shells, while Ethiopian ground forces poised for a ground attack across the border. The Eritrean government has, characteristically, remained silent.

Renewed fighting and second Eritrean offensive (August 2022 – present)

In late August 2022, after months of ceasefire, fighting resumed. Both sides blamed each other for initiating the fighting, and both also expressed frustration "for a lack of progress towards negotiations to end the 21-month conflict."^[] The fighting itself concentrated in the border area connecting Tigray, Amhara and Afar. Allegations emerged that the Tigray were smuggling in weapons, leading to the Ethiopian Air Force shooting down a plane, claiming it was carrying weapons for the TPLF; meanwhile, the government was accused of indiscriminate air bombardments on civilian targets.^] Civilians reported that pro-government militias, such as FANO, had gotten involved as well.^[] Exacerbating tensions were severe food shortages, an issue that remained unsolved have particularly affected the Tigray region.

On 27 August, the TDF captured the town of Kobo, following the ENDFs withdrawal. Ethiopia and Eritrea subsequently announced an offensive in North Tigray on 1 September^] On 13 September 2022, the TPLF said Eritrea had taken Sheraro.^] The towns capture by Eritrea and the fighting in nearby areas displaced around 210,000 people, most of whom fled to the city of Shire.^] A day later Ethiopian airstrikes on Mekelle killed at least ten people.^[] By mid-September, reports emerged of Eritrea engaging in the mass mobilization of the countrys reservists to be sent to Tigray.

On 20 September, the government of Tigray said Eritrea had invaded the region, and that heavy fighting was taking place across northern Tigray.^] The TDF had, thus far, largely resisted the offensive, and reportedly launched a counterattack to retake Sheraro. Meanwhile, Ethiopian and Eritrean forces began massing in Abala and Berhale in Afar Region, within striking distance of Mekelle.^[] On September 27, an airstrike – allegedly carried out by Eritrea – struck the northern town of Adi Dairo while it was celebrating Meskel, killing at least six civilians and injured 19 more.^[] On 2 October, the TPLF announced it had withdrawn troops from Amharas North Wollo Zone, including Kobo, to be redeployed north to reinforce lines under heavy Eritrean attack but warned it would return if their southern border is threatened.^[ Three days later, a second airstrike hit Adi Dairo, killing between 50 and 65 people according to aid workers in the town.

..

The Tigray Wa^a] is an ongoing civil war that began on 3 November 2020 in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The war is primarily being fought by the Ethiopian federal government and Eritrea on one side, and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) on the other.

After years of increased tensions and hostilities between the TPLF and the governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea, fighting began when Tigrayan security forces attacked ENDF Northern Command bases and headquarters in the Tigray Region. The ENDF counterattacked in Tigray from the south (while Eritrean forces began launching attacks from the north), which Prime Minister Abiy described as "law enforcement operations."^[ Federal allied forces captured Mekelle, the capital of the Tigray Region, on 28 November, after which Abiy declared the operation "over."^[ However, the Tigray government stated soon afterwards that it would continue fighting until the "invaders" were out,^] and on 28 June 2021, the Tigray Defense Forces retook Mekelle; by July the same year, they had also advanced into the Amhara and Afar regions.^].........

^{.............................................................................................................................................}

Territorial control as of October 2022
(for a more detailed, up-to-date, interactive map, see here)
Pro-federal government troops

Anti-federal government rebels

提格雷民族地區州位於衣索比亞的最北部。2020年11月3日，衣索比亞與鄰國厄立垂亞的政府軍和「提格雷人民解放陣線」（the Tigray People’s Liberation Front, TPLF）爆發戰爭,導致數百萬人流離失所,提格雷地區幾乎完全遭到封鎖,數十萬人處於飢荒餓死的邊緣。

根據聯合國的數據,約有230萬左右的兒童無法獲得急需的援助和人道主義救助。自從本次紛爭開始起,衣索比亞聯邦政府一直嚴格控制著提格雷地區的進出,聯合國兒童基金會稱,衣索比亞政府仍未能確保足夠的「糧食、包括用來治療兒童營養不良的即用醫療糧食,藥品,飲用水水,燃料衣物以及其他正在枯竭的日常生活必需品,

挪威奧斯陸新大學學院的人類學家兼衝突教授（Kjetil Tronvoll ）表示,在戰場上估計有 100 萬軍隊參與進攻,這使其成為目前世界上最大的衝突。研究索比亞與厄立垂亞長達30年的特洛沃教授指出,這些部隊使用第一次世界大戰的人海戰術,一波又一波地將步兵推上前線消耗敵軍的火力。試圖用人命來換取戰場上的挺進。他認為「這是一場令人難以置信的大屠殺。交戰雙方敵軍隊使用大量的美國武器極少數的俄羅斯武器.

這是當今世界上發生的最血腥的武裝衝突。最重要的是以美國為首與其他西方國家的軍火販子,源源不絕的提供過時老舊的軍事武器,提供雙方軍隊使用,先消費後付款,並且傳聞美國的國安局及軍事情報局,皆有派出所謂的軍事顧問,協助雙方軍隊並指揮作戰,這樣一來真實的消息皆被封鎖,而且禁止新聞媒體記者採訪雙方的戰況.因為衣索比亞內戰造成大量老百姓死亡(餓死).直到近期才有人通報英國BBC.新聞記者冒死前往採訪消息,才公諸於世已經事過境遷,於事無補..

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WHY ?Ethiopia civil war: Why fighting has resumed in Tigray and Amhara.