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The siege of the International Legations occurred in 1900 in Peking, the capital of the Qing Empire, during the Boxer Rebellion. Menaced by the Boxers, an anti-Christian anti-foreign peasant movement, 900 soldiers, sailors, marines, and civilians, largely from Europe, Japan, and the United States, and about 2,800 Chinese Christians took refuge in the Peking Legation Quarter. The Qing government took the side of the Boxers after the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Tianjin at the Battle of the Taku Forts (1900), without a formal declaration of war. The foreigners and Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter survived a 55-day siege by the Qing Army and Boxers. The siege was broken by an international military force, which marched from the coast of China, defeated the Qing army, and occupied Peking (now known as Beijing). The siege was called by the New York Sun "the most exciting episode ever known to civilization..
.西方列強決定派兵鎮壓。1900年5月底,英、俄等國調遣軍隊300餘人進駐北京使館。6月10日,英、俄、德、法、日、美、奧、意等八國軍隊,在天津組織了一支2,000多人、由英國海軍中將西摩爾(Edward Hobart Seymour)擔任司令的聯軍,準備沿京津鐵路,經廊坊進攻北京。
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- EEntrance to the French legation on August 15, 1900, siege of the international legatio
西摩爾曾參加第二次鴉片戰爭,看不起中國軍隊的戰鬥力,加之聯軍中不少人認為從天津到北京有鐵路之便,對一支擁有槍炮的軍隊來說,很難遇到抵抗。西摩爾甚至對部下說:「這是一趟十分順利的行軍,當天晚上就可以到達北京,與北京公使共進晚餐。」然而,義和團破壞沿線鐵路,並在廊坊一帶伏擊,八國聯軍死傷多人,被迫撤回天津,暫停由鐵路進犯北京。
隨後,列強艦隊在付出慘重代價後攻佔大沽炮台並進犯天津。與此同時,慈禧太后在聽到「密報」稱列強「勒令皇太后歸政」消息後,立即於1900年6月21日以光緒皇帝名義對列強宣戰。宣戰詔書曰:「與其苟且圖存,貽羞萬古;孰若大張撻伐,一決雌雄。」
在北京,義和團和清軍們圍攻西什庫教堂和東交民巷使館區。德國駐華公使克林德(Clemens Von Ketteler)在被清軍士兵打死,圍攻使館區和克林德被殺,成為列強擴大對中國侵略的導火線。
裝備優良的八國聯軍於7月14日攻破天津,一路西進,8月6日攻佔楊村,直隸總督裕祿兵敗自殺。11日又突破張家灣防線,主帥李秉衡自殺。8月15日,八國聯軍攻進北京,北京這座歷史悠久的古都遂淪為外國侵略軍的佔領地。是日凌晨,慈禧太后、光緒皇帝率部分親貴大臣倉促逃離北京,途徑太原逃到西安。在逃亡途中,慈禧下令剿殺義和團,並請求八國聯軍「助剿」,義和團最終覆滅。
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