Contents ...

udn網路城邦

置頂精選

美國海軍首度承認：美國與中國海軍實力旗鼓相當How the U.S. and Chinese Navies Stack Up

2021/10/10 10:34

迴響0

推薦4

引用0

....

.CHINA NAVY RISE UP.

.CHINA NAVY 052D.

CHINA NAVY 美國海軍情報局（The Office of Naval Intelligence，ONI）美國海軍20211008日發布新戰略指南，首次承認美中海軍軍力旗鼓相當，美國第一次在這個世代有了戰略競爭對手。

根據新戰略指南，海軍臚列中國、(軍隊)文化、氣候變遷與新冠肺炎等四項挑戰；其中，中華人民共和國造成的長期挑戰，對國防部而言最為重大。

.The Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) is the military intelligence agency of the United States Navy. Established in 1882 primarily to advance the Navys modernization efforts,^[ ONI is the oldest member of the United States Intelligence Community and serves as the nations premier source of maritime intelligence. Since the First World War, its mission has broadened to include real-time reporting on the developments and activities of foreign navies; protecting maritime resources and interests; monitoring and countering transnational maritime threats; providing technical, operational, and tactical support to the U.S. Navy and its partners; and surveying the global maritime environment. ONI employs over 3,000 military and civilian personnel worldwide and is headquartered at the National Maritime Intelligence Center in Suitland, Maryland.

CHINA NAVY CV-16.China’s Navy will have a larger number of ships and submarines than the US Navy in 2030.

China’s navy will be approaching 500 ships by 2030 and the US Navy will have between 300 and 350 depending upon which budgets get adopted.

China’s navy will be a Blue-Water Naval Power by 2030: China is rapidly transforming itself from a continental power with a focus on its near seas to a great maritime power with a two-ocean focus. The PLAN is looking beyond the san hai – the Yellow Sea, South China Sea, and East China Sea – and out toward the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

By 2020 China will have the second-largest modern amphibious capability in the world (after the United States), and potentially will be able to embark between 5,000–6,000 marines for operations anywhere in the world.

Eagle vs Dragon: How the U.S. and Chinese Navies Stack Up.

By 2022, China’s Navy will outnumber the US and in the 2030s will achieve qualitative parity.

.CHINA NAVY MILITARY POWER RISE UP.

海軍部長戴杜羅(Carlos Del Toro)表示，中國海軍快速擴張其規模與軍力，成長為全球最大規模的艦隊，配合海警隊和海上民兵在灰色地帶競爭，「至少在這一世代以來，美國首度有了在海軍軍力上可與我們匹敵，且積極部署軍力以挑戰美國原則、夥伴關係與繁榮的戰略競爭對手」。

數十年來，解放軍海軍一向被認為遠遠落後美國海軍，但中國首艘航空母艦於2016年開始執行戰鬥任務，以及大規模投資軍事現代化，改變外界對解放軍軍力的評估；中國大肆提高國防預算，今年增長幅度為6.8%，高出去年兩個百分點。根據ONI資料報導，解放軍海軍的軍艦數量至2020年底有360艘，已超越美國，成為全球最大艦隊，但整體戰力還是無法與美國匹敵；美國海軍共33萬人，解放軍海軍有25萬人，美國海軍軍艦的噸位和攻擊能力，及核動力潛艦數量均超越中方。戴杜羅在新戰略指南說，除了中國，俄羅斯、伊朗和其他威權國家都透過灰色地帶侵略或脅迫，挑戰以規則為基礎的國際秩序，美國海軍將致力於在灰色地帶競爭，阻止侵略，並在衝突中占上風。

.USA NAVY DDG-89.

In an era of renewed great power competition, China’s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has become the top focus of U.S. defense planning and budgeting. China’s navy, which China has been steadily modernizing for more than 25 years, since the early to mid-1990s, has become a formidable military force within China’s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe.

China’s navy is viewed as posing a major challenge to the U.S. Navy’s ability to achieve and maintain wartime control of blue-water ocean areas in the Western Pacific—the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War—and forms a key element of a Chinese challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. Some U.S. observers are expressing concern or alarm regarding the pace of China’s naval shipbuilding effort, particularly for building larger surface ships, and resulting trend lines regarding the relative sizes China’s navy and the U.S. Navy.

.CHINA NAVY MILITARY DRILL IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEAS.

China’s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of ship, aircraft, and weapon acquisition programs, as well as improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises. China’s navy has currently has certain limitations and weaknesses, and is working to overcome them.

China’s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is assessed as being aimed at developing capabilities for addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; for achieving a greater degree of control or domination over China’s near-seas region, particularly the South China Sea; for enforcing China’s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); for defending China’s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; for displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and for asserting China’s status as the leading regional power and a major world power.

Consistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its navy to be capable of acting as part of a Chinese anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force—a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China’s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China’s navy include conducting maritime security (including antipiracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.

The U.S. Navy in recent years has taken a number of actions to counter China’s naval modernization effort. Among other things, the U.S. Navy has shifted a greater percentage of its fleet to the Pacific; assigned its most-capable new ships and aircraft and its best personnel to the Pacific; maintained or increased general presence operations, training and developmental exercises, and engagement and cooperation with allied and other navies in the Indo-Pacific; increased the planned future size of the Navy; initiated, increased, or accelerated numerous programs for developing new military technologies and acquiring new ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles, and weapons; begun development of new operational concepts (i.e., new ways to employ Navy and Marine Corps forces) for countering Chinese maritime A2/AD forces; and signaled that the Navy in coming years will shift to a more-distributed fleet architecture that will feature a smaller portion of larger ships, a larger portion of smaller ships, and a substantially greater use of unmanned vehicles. The issue for Congress is whether the U.S. Navy is responding appropriately to China’s naval modernization effort.

.US NAVY SSN-21.

所謂灰色地帶行動，可理解為戰爭以外的所有可用手段；台灣國防安全研究院國防安全研究院副研究員舒孝煌舉例，灰色地帶行動可有程度分別，最高的核態勢(nuclear posture)、軍事威脅；中是大規模軍事演習、發出訊號、針對特定目標的小規模秘密行動；低則是最低限度目標的小規模秘密行動，不一定會造成戰爭，但可能是衝突前的準備行動。，他的首要任務就是發展作戰和能力，強調嚇阻力量，並擴大對中華人民共和國的作戰優勢，確保艦隊和艦隊陸戰隊(Fleet Marine Forces)的組織、訓練、裝備與部署。

美軍將強化戰備，並投入創新與現代化，如人工智能、網路安全、無人操作平台、導向能量武器和超音速武器。「我們的目標不是要和中國作戰」，而是「阻止他們的意圖，包括攻占台灣」；他也呼籲國會增撥250億美元經費，提升海軍戰力，以便「牽制中國」。

China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities.

Summary In an era of renewed great power competition, China’s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has become the top focus of U.S. defense planning and budgeting. China’s navy, which China has been steadily modernizing for more than 25 years, since the early to mid-1990s, has become a formidable military force within China’s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe. China’s navy is viewed as posing a major challenge to the U.S. Navy’s ability to achieve and maintain wartime control of blue-water ocean areas in the Western Pacific—the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War. China’s navy forms a key element of a Chinese challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. Some U.S. observers are expressing concern or alarm regarding the pace of China’s naval shipbuilding effort and resulting trend lines regarding the relative sizes and capabilities of China’s navy and the U.S. Navy. China’s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of ship, aircraft, and weapon acquisition programs, as well as improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises. China’s navy has currently has certain limitations and weaknesses, and is working to overcome them. China’s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is assessed as being aimed at developing capabilities for addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; for achieving a greater degree of control or domination over China’s near-seas region, particularly the South China Sea; for enforcing China’s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); for defending China’s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; for displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and for asserting China’s status as the leading regional power and a major world power.