基因的研究隨著科學發展逐漸深化,到了20世紀初,發展出優生學的概念,成為納粹實施種族清洗的口實。站在納粹對立面的蘇維埃,則是相信基因可塑、展開思想改造的運動。
納粹相信遺傳絕對不能改變「猶太人永遠都是猶太人」,因此用優生的方法改變人口結構,蘇維埃則認定遺傳可以重新改造「任何人都可以是任何人」,抹除所有差異,達到集體的善遺傳理論被用來建構人類身分認同的觀念,因此遭到扭曲,為政治目的服務。納粹沉醉於本體的固定不變,蘇維埃則著迷於本體的可塑性。
邪惡的是,納粹以科學為遮羞布、把屠殺粉飾為科學實驗、將集中營取名為「國家福利機構」。
沒有異常,只有錯配(mismatch)優生學在二戰後逐漸走下神壇,原因其一,自然是納粹的邪惡勾當。另外一個原因,則是科學家逐漸體認到:基因其實無所謂好壞,只有錯配而已。
好樹結好果子壞樹結壞果子
種族優生(Racial hygiene),是一種由政府挑選出公認最強健、聰明和有道德的人來培育下一代的制度,與公共衛生和優生學有密切關聯。過去為達成目的曾用的手段包括放逐、隔離、強制絕育,或甚至滅絕各種不同的精神障礙、人種、身體殘疾、犯罪記錄和宗教信仰的人或團體。
利用社會措施來嘗試保留或加強某些生物特性的想法,最初是由法蘭西斯·高爾頓在1869年提出,不久後這被稱為優生學。20世紀初,認為人類遺傳因子必須受到管制,或許用強制性的方法,的想法開始盛行,並受到許多主流政治和科學人士的支持,包括溫斯頓·邱吉爾、亞歷山大·格拉漢姆·貝爾和瑪麗·斯托普斯等。
Sir Francis Galton Alfred Ploetz 優秀的亞利安人種.
種族優生一詞最初是由德國優生學家Alfred Ploetz)在1895年提出,此概念原是關於德國出生率低落,和公共機構精神病和殘障人士的增加(以及花費),之後「猶太問題」和「去北歐化」變成此概念在德國的主流,並從1920年代持續到二戰。
種族優生其中一個容易讓人產生困惑的地方是,「種族」可能是指「人類種族」、「德國種族」和「亞利安種族」,三者意思相當不同,在優生學家(Ernst Rüdin)的背書下,納粹採用的是後者的概念,這是後來納粹種族屠殺的主要依據,也因此批評者將之稱為「科學的種族歧視」(scientific racism)。
Sir Francis Galton, FRS (/ˈɡɔːltən/; 16 February 1822 – 17 January 1911), was an English Victorian era polymath: a statistician, sociologist, psychologist, anthropologist, eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, and psychometrician. He was knighted in 1909.
Galton produced over 340 papers and books. He also created the statistical concept of correlation and widely promoted regression toward the mean. He was the first to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences and inheritance of intelligence, and introduced the use of questionnaires and surveys for collecting data on human communities, which he needed for genealogical and biographical works and for his anthropometric studies. He was a pioneer of eugenics, coining the term itself in 1883, and also coined the phrase "nature versus nurture"His book Hereditary Genius (1869) was the first social scientific attempt to study genius and greatness.]
種族優生是納粹主義的一個重要概念,在他們統治期間,這個領域變成德國醫療界的首要哲學,納粹在一體化期間將之法律化和制度化,使醫療專業變成由納粹指派領導的僵硬階級組織。
納粹主義(「納粹」音譯自 Nazi,本身是縮寫,來自德語的「國家民族社會主義」:Nationalsozialismus),指1933年至1945年間統治德國的獨裁政治,即「德意志第三帝國」。「納粹」這個詞在德語中的含義並不具有極為明確的涵意,然而,納粹主義意識形態的精神是「屬於一個民族的」,也稱為民族國家主義.
種族優生者是大屠殺,清洗歐洲猶太人、共產黨員、吉普賽人、同性戀者、政治異議者、智障和精障者的關鍵角色。戰後,這些行為普遍被痛斥為殘酷、暴虐,且其背後的種族優越理念是非科學和偽科學。
Alfred Ploetz (August 22, 1860 – March 20, 1940) was a German physician, biologist and eugenicist known for coining the term racial hygiene (Rassenhygiene) and promoting the concept in Germany. Rassenhygiene is a form of eugenics.
In 1930 he was made an honorary doctor of the University of Munich and became a supporter of the Nazi Party, which was elected to power in 1933. Ploetz wrote in April that year that he believed Hitler would bring racial hygiene from its previous marginality into the mainstream. In 1933 Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick established an "expert advisory committee for population and racial policy," which included Ploetz, Fritz Lenz, Ernst Rüdin and Hans F.K. Günther. This expert advisory committee had the task of advising the Nazis on the implementation and enforcement of legislation regarding racial and eugenic issues.[7] In 1936, Hitler appointed Ploetz to a professorship.
基因與環境互相作用的最終結果,永遠無法僅以遺傳學就可靠地預測。命運,不是在出生當下就塵埃落定。即使繼承了「與精神分裂高度相關的基因組」,也不代表這輩子註定精神分裂。藉著調整每個微小因子,生命的軌跡是有可能大幅改變的。我們,有能力改寫自己的人生劇本。
21世紀人類被COVID-19.病毒侵害,估且不論是否由人為因素研究發展導致,新一輪的人種優生學的理論與實際出現,生命學者與生物學者推波助瀾,影響到人類的生存與發展,西方國家邪惡思想正在侵害人類,牠們的目標放在亞洲(中國及印度)總計25億的人口數量,牠們認為是威脅人類的糧食戰略物質,因此有必要以新人種優生學加以控制甚至於消滅.所以居安思危,不得不小心防範.
即使有COVID-19.疫苗協助人類抵抗COVID-19疾病又如何防氾那些居心叵測的西方國家(美國)的暗地裡的策略.西方國家的白人種族優越感從偏激的人士言論,早已顯示出對於有色人種的歧視與偏見.
COVID-19.病毒是新優生理論下的產品,一項密秘研究計劃已在西方國家(美國)展開值得密切注意追蹤蒐集情資以為反應.
種族歧視在美國最為嚴重因為COVID-19.病毒感染死亡率最多的就是有色人種,黑人與拉丁美洲人民,亞洲人民).
The term racial hygiene was used to describe an approach to eugenics in the early 20th century, which found its most extensive implementation in Nazi Germany (Nazi eugenics). It was marked by efforts to avoid miscegenation, analogous to an animal breeder seeking purebred animals. This was often motivated by the belief in the existence of a racial hierarchy and the related fear that "lower races" would "contaminate" a "higher" one. As with most eugenicists at the time, racial hygienists believed that the lack of eugenics would lead to rapid social degeneration, the decline of civilization by the spread of inferior characteristics.
The German eugenicist Alfred Ploetz introduced the term "racial hygiene" (Rassenhygiene} in 1895 in his Racial Hygiene Basics (Grundlinien einer Rassenhygiene). He discussed the importance of avoiding "counterselective forces" such as war, inbreeding, free healthcare for the poor, alcohol and venereal disease.[1] In its earliest incarnation it was more concerned by the declining birthrate of the German state and the increasing number of mentally-ill and disabled people in state-run institutions (and their costs to the state) than it was by the "Jewish question" and the "degeneration of the Nordic race" (Entnordung) which would come to dominate its philosophy in Germany from the 1920s to the Second World War.
During the last years of the 19th century, the German racial hygienists Alfred Ploetz and Wilhelm Schallmayer regarded certain people as inferior, and they opposed their ability to procreate. These theorists believed that all human behaviors, including crime, alcoholism and divorce, were caused by genetics.[
During the 1930s and 1940s institutes in Nazi Germany studied genetics, created genetic registries and researched twins. Nazi scientists also studied blood, and developed theories on the supposed racial specificity of blood types, with the goal of distinguishing an "Aryan" from a Jew by examining their blood. In the 1930s, Josef Mengele, a doctor in the Schutzstaffel (SS), provided human remains that were taken from Auschwitz – blood, limbs and other body parts – to be studied at the institutes. Harnessing racial hygiene as a justification, the scientists used prisoners from Auschwitz and other concentration camps as test subjects for their human experiments.[
In Nazi propaganda, the term "race" was often interchangeably used to mean the "Aryan" or Germanic "Übermenschen", which was said to represent an ideal and pure master race that was biologically superior to all other races.[3] In the 1930s, under eugenicist Ernst Rüdin, National Socialist ideology embraced this latter use of "racial hygiene", which demanded Aryan racial purity and condemned miscegenation. That belief in the importance of German racial purity often served as the theoretical backbone of Nazi policies of racial superiority and later genocide. The policies began in 1935, when the National Socialists enacted the Nuremberg Laws, which legislated racial purity by forbidding sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and non-Aryans as Rassenschande (racial shame).
A key aspect of National Socialism was the concept of racial hygiene and it was elevated to the primary philosophy of the German medical community, first by activist physicians within the medical profession, particularly amongst psychiatrists. That was later codified and institutionalized during and after the Nazis rise to power in 1933, during the process of Gleichschaltung (literally, "coordination" or "unification"), which streamlined the medical and mental hygiene (mental health) profession into a rigid hierarchy with National Socialist-sanctioned leadership at the top.[