
Are you a excellent leader?
每個人認為自己成為領導人的「起源故事」有四種:存在型、投入型、表現型、接受型。這四種領導類型有何特色?我們又該如何活用,以順應不同的環境,成為更優秀的領導人?
存在型 :我就是領導人,採用這種觀點的領導人表示,他們「一直以來,都自認是領導人」。:「我從小就一直是領導人。我一直都很喜歡領導團隊,領導人們。」他們強調從童年或上學早期,就開始感受到的領導力自然感召,可能是組織家裡附近的孩童、投入創業活動,或是成為運動團隊的隊長。在描述他們「目前」的領導力時,採用這種觀點的人,經常會提到他們的個人特質,例如自信和樂觀,還有自然流露且激勵人心的領導風格。
投入型:關鍵時的協調達人,採用這種觀點的領導人,會強調自己成功促成其他人和活動。他們認為,自己的領導力來自於被迫必須解決緊急的需求。起源連結到一些活動:「這情況並不是我自然想要成為天生領導人,」她告訴我們:「不過,我確實喜歡『創造願景』這個概念,檢視必須完成哪些事情,並改善一些事物。」採用這種觀點的領導人,承擔責任要去改變令人不滿意的做法:成立新的組織、協助意見不同的群體達成共同的願景、自願解決挑戰或危機情勢、推動互相衝突的兩個群體維持關係。如今,這類領導人傾向採取更重視協調的領導風格,著重在促成他人加入,以採取集體行動。
表現型:團隊大家長,你是否對組織懷有責任感?或者,你經常覺得想保護自己的團隊,有時你會把團隊稱為「我的隊員」?採取這種觀點的領導人,常描述自己的領導力,是從某個特定職位的成就中產生的。「我之前不曾真正想過『成為領導人』,。其實,我是在經營……擁有五十名全職員工和五十個辦公室(的一個組織),(他們)全都需要我。就是這個想法,讓我忽然了解到:『哇,我的職位很重要,我要對許多人負責。』」人們提到對某個工作領域擁有自主權和控制感,以及對他們的團隊有強烈的責任感。這種領導人傾向描述自己是家長式的領導風格,特點是展現對團隊的控制、支持和指導。
接受型:被動接受他人認可,採用這種觀點的人,一直到了解其他人都在「追隨」他們之後,才會自認是領導人。他們突然想起,曾注意到人們向他們徵詢答案、指導和支持。「我並沒有說我想成為領導人。而是我認為,當時的同學看出(我的)領導特質,也就是說我會尊重而平等地對待他人,而且能夠做出良好、公平且有力的決定。所以,回想這一切之後我會說,我還不知道領導是什麼之前,別人就已經先認可我是領導人。」就像泰勒的話所顯示的,這種領導人傾向支持或滿足他人的需求,超越自身的需求,而且常常表現得很低調
領導力觀點有何影響我們在研究中發現,人們描述自己「成為」領導人的故事,以及他們目前的領導力之間,存在強烈的連結,而且兩者互相影響。這表示若只嚴格使用一種觀點,可能會限制你,無法隨著時間過去而實驗採行不同的領導風格。例如,如果只有在其他人跟隨你時(接受型),你才會自認是領導人,那麼,你的身分認同可能就會與其他人的看法有高度關聯,而這可能會妨礙你擔任新的領導人角色,除非其他人要求你這麼做。堅持單一觀點,也可能會限制你認為誰是領導人的看法,進而限制你尋找的領導榜樣,以及你會選擇哪種人擔任領導角色。舉例來說,如果你「一直以來都是領導人」(存在型),可能就很難讓其他人,尤其是擁有不同風格的人,在你的同儕團隊中擔任領導職位。
BEING: The leaders who adopted this lens suggested that they had “always thought of themselves as leaders.” They highlighted a natural call to leadership that started in childhood or early school years, perhaps organizing kids in the neighborhood or becoming captains of sports teams. In describing their current leadership, people who used this lens often noted their personal qualities, such as confidence and optimism, and their natural leadership style.
ENGAGING: Leaders who used this lens believed their leadership originated when they were compelled to address an urgent need. The people who used this lens took it upon themselves to change unsatisfactory practices: starting a new organization, volunteering to tackle a challenge or liaising between two groups in conflict. In the present, these leaders gravitated toward a more facilitative leadership style, focusing on engaging others and enabling collective action.
PERFORMING: Do you feel a sense of duty to the organization? Or perhaps you often feel protective of your team? Leaders who adopted this lens often recounted their leadership as emerging from the achievement of a particular position. This group tended to describe themselves as having paternalistic leadership styles, marked by a demonstration of control, support and guidance of their team.
ACCEPTING: Those who used this lens didn’t think of themselves as leaders until they realized that others were following them. They recalled suddenly noticing that people were coming to them for answers, guidance and support. This group of leaders tended toward supporting or serving the needs of others above themselves, often with a low-key demeanor.
It should be noted that leadership lenses can both enable and constrains your leadership style. Rigidly using only one lens could limit your ability to experiment with different styles over time. If you only see yourself as a leader when and if others are following you, you might hold back from claiming a new leader role unless you’re “asked” to by others.




















