


20200609英國最著名學府牛津大學裡,學生們再度掀起了,“羅德必須倒下”(Rhodes Must Fall)抗議運動,6月9日上千名抗議者們在牛津大學奧里爾學院外封鎖了道路,要求校方拆除他的雕像。為什麼?
英國牛津大學曾經在2015年同樣的舉辦過示威抗議要求拆除掉,Cecil John Rhodes的雕像,但是沒有成功,同時期南非的開普敦大學,也發生同樣的事件,校方同意學生的訴求拆除了Cecil John Rhodes 的雕像,改放置於倉庫裡.
筆者之前的HSR 123 Blog.曾經報導此事件.沒想到2020.牛津大學再度暴發出要求拆除掉Cecil John Rhodes的雕像抗議的事件,學生與居民愈來愈多,將近1000餘名的學生與居民也比前次更為激烈牛津大學只好求助於警方.進駐校方的Oriel College.以免事件擴大變成暴力衝突,傳聞也許外地人加入要以爆破手法炸毀Cecil John Rhodes 的雕像?
筆者才殊學淺但是有關於CR.他的雕像事件,在英國牛津大學的Oriel College.要被拆除已經不是首度暴發抗議事件,早在2015年牛津大學就已經首先發難,可惜未能成功,但是同年在南非的開普敦大學的抗議事件,確是成功的移除CR.他的雕像,僅留下來空空如也的臺基石.2020因為美國黑人GF.被白人警察獰掠至死的事件再度引發牛津大學的學生與附加居民的嚴厲抗議要求拆除掉CR.他的雕像否則會用激烈的行動表示牛津大學校方與CR.的獎學金的基金會緊急召開密祕會議謀求對策希望能夠盡量保留CR.他的雕像,傳聞牛津大學的部份學生與居民,私下接觸CR基金會,表示希望能夠得到補助款,用來繳納房屋租金與網際網路及手機的使用費,因為在英國的房租與電信網路費用是高價的消費,許多學生與低收入的人民,甚少付擔的起上述的高價,因為僅管是小道馬路消息,可以看出抗議事件還可以談判,溝通,協解決的,所以他們近日要成立學生與居民委員會和CR.基金會展開談判爭取利益.
CR.本人終身信仰殖民主義,他是不擇不扣的吸血鬼,利用大英帝國的殖民地政策,專門壓榨非洲弱小民族及國家的資源,他的公司掠奪諸如農業,林業,礦業,水資源及土地,其中尤其是礦業(金礦,鑽石礦)是他的收入暴增,形成富豪巨賈的大商人,他所擁有的戴爾比斯礦業公司(De Beers Consolidated Mines),合併了多間公司。其資產當時價值200,000英鎊。至今該公司控制了全球的鑽石市場就是財閥惡霸的表現,CR.在非洲掠奪殖民地的各種資源,透過戰爭也屠殺很多的非洲人,這樣一來血淋淋的血汗錢,造就了CR事業王國,他雖然利用遺產的1%.成立所謂的獎學金與基金會,並大肆捐贈母校牛津大學,而且創建Oriel College.興建校舍將他的雕塑立於校舍的大樓正面,好像後來的學弟學妹仰慕他,此種畸形的不正常心態,終於遇到有志之士,利用機會鬥爭他,要將他的雕像,從牛津大學的Oriel College校園中拆除掉洩恨.
CR. 在南非政壇仍然有很大的影響力。他的健康一直很差。羅德斯在16歲時離開英國,到南非去,就是為了舒緩心臟病。1872年,在返國途中,他的心肺疾病再次惡化,醫生認為他只能再活六個月。回到南非後,羅德斯的健康得到了改善。步入40歲後,他的心臟病日益嚴重,最後,在1902年梅森堡(Muizenberg)海邊的一座茅屋裡,他因心臟衰竭而病逝,享年48歲。他是短命鬼因為壞事幹盡喇,CR.的後代子孫得到教訓,幾乎是半隱居的狀態過日子,甚少公開露面於社交場所,反正家族的資產已超過百億英鎊之譜,又有專業人士為其服務效力,經營管理CR.遺留下來的各式各樣事業與生意.
Cecil Rhodes羅德獎學金.:在他的遺囑裡,他希望後人能成立一個獎學金,即為羅德獎學金。這個獎學金,是世上首個國際研究計劃(International study programm)。獎學金向英國殖民地、德國的學生開放,使他們有機會在牛津大學深造。羅德斯之所以極力擴張大英帝國,是因為他相信盎格魯-撒克遜人命中注定要成就偉業。在遺言中,他對英國人說:「我堅持,我們是世上第一的種族的說法,也堅持我們占地越多,越有利於人類的說法。」羅德斯希望大英帝國成為一個超級強權,所有以英裔為主流民族的國家,都是帝國的成員,當中包括加拿大、澳大利亞、紐西蘭與開普殖民地,在英國國會內都占有席位。他設立的獎學金,美國學生也可以申請,據他說,目的是在美國學生間培養親英派,他日使美國重新加入大英帝國。因為羅德斯尊敬德國人與德皇,所以德國學生也可以申請他的獎學金。他相信,世界最後會由英國、美國與德國統治,並會帶來長久的和平。
在英國國內政治上,羅德斯是自由黨的支持者。他甚少涉足國內政壇,唯一一次是表態支持由查爾斯·斯圖爾特·帕內爾所領導的愛爾蘭國會黨。羅德斯為此耗費了巨額金錢,他支持的條件是自治的愛爾蘭在英國國會要有代表席位。在布盧姆與一已為人妻的女子傳出緋聞後,羅德斯對他的支持仍然沒有改變。
羅德斯與大多數開普殖民地英國移民不同,他對荷蘭移民比較寬容。他支持公立學校教授荷蘭文,還為此借出貸款。羅德斯擔任首相時,廢除了許多英國移民針對荷蘭移民設立的法律障礙。他是荷蘭移民、阿非利卡黨黨魁Jan Hofmeyr的好友,他也是在阿非利卡人的支持下當上總理的。羅德斯主張擴大開普殖民地的政府,因為他喜歡地方自治,勝過倫敦的中央集權。
CJR.的雕像高立於3樓最上層.像徵他高高在上是國王學院內的國王.學生們抗議要求學校拆除掉否則就要炸毀.?
CJR.做夢也沒想到為什麼?
他的學弟與學妹為什麼要拆除他的雕像,難道是捐贈的金錢不足,還是獎學金的名額太少要求甚嚴格?
CJR.不知道當前國際局勢變化迅速,再也不是當年的大英帝國,在非洲殖民主義的耀武揚威,現在非洲許多國家早已脫離大英帝國尋求獨立自主,就連他當年在南非掠奪各式各樣的資源南非共和國,也發生革命,政府組織早已改組,全都由黑人執政管理國家,原來的白人退休,他當然也不知道美國黑人GF.之死影響到全世界像他這種殖民主義的掠奪者,自然就是被批判被鬥爭的對象不是嗎?
CJR巨額的財產得到全是,壓榨,巧取豪奪非洲黑人的犧牲與奉獻,得到的血腥骯髒的財富,沒有什麼值得驕傲的記錄.此次事件已經在英國各地引起注意討論,相信牛津大學與國王學院,有良性的反應,不要相應不理,將抗議事件演變成暴動事件,因為傳聞也有人要縱火燒燬,國王學院再由CJR.家族捐贈金錢,重新在建造,反正CJR.家族有無盡的財富來自非洲.
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發生拆除掉Cecil John Rhodes.雕像的ORIEL COLLEGE.也就是國王學院.也是故事的主角當年讀書求學的地方CJR.在男非發跡至富曾經捐贈大筆金錢回饋母校重新整建學院內的建築物及設備添購許多圖書與加聘教授至學院服務.CJR的後代子孫優先就讀於該學院形成特權份子.
奧利爾學院(Oriel College)[ 是牛津大學下的一個學院,位於牛津奧利爾廣場。該學院歷史可追溯至1320年代,自稱是牛津最古老的皇家機構,為了顯示其皇家地位,又稱國王學院(Kings College、Kings Hall)。]
愛德華二世在1320年代提供贊助,由其廷臣亞當·德·布魯姆為該學院奠基,當時稱牛津聖母瑪麗學堂(House or Hall of the Blessed Mary at Oxford)。] 該學院在16世紀之前只接受非本科生做成員,之後才開始接納本科生入學。[ 英格蘭內戰期間,奧利爾學院是牛津議會(Oxford Parliament)駐地。]
該學院有四座中世紀建築構成,即Bedel Hal、St Mary Hall、St Martin Hall和Tackleys Inn。其中Tackleys Inn是該學院最古老的地產,也是牛津最古老的中世紀建築之一。[7] 該學院現有大約40名成員、300名本科生和160名研究生,男女人數基本持平.
Oriel ] (/ˈɔːrɪəl/) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford (a title formerly claimed by University College, whose claim of being founded by King Alfred is no longer promoted). In recognition of this royal connection, the college has also been historically known as Kings College and Kings Hall.] The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (since 1952, Elizabeth II) is the official visitor of the college.
Will Oxford University Remove Cecil Rhodes Statue?
The Oxford Union has voted for the removal of a statue of ‘colonialist’ Cecil Rhodes, even if detractors claim such a move expunges history.
After months of student protests demanding that Oxford University remove a statue of British imperialist Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Must Fall movement clinched a victory late on Tuesday with a telling vote from Oxford Union, the university’s famous debating society: 245 ayes to 212 nos.
The vote landed after proponents of the Rhodes Must Fall movement sparred for hours with detractors, including Oxford theology professor Nigel Biggar and Sophia Cannon, a well-known English barrister.
Proponents have argued that the statue glorifies Rhodes, a businessman who contributed to racial segregation in South Africa and supported policies that later manifested in the apartheid system.
Critics have condemned their desire to impose today’s cultural mores on historical figures like Rhodes. They maintain that expunging historical monuments promotes intolerance.
Ntokozo Qwabe, a South African undergraduate student who is himself a Rhodes Scholar, has been spearheading the Rhodes Must Fall movement since October and argued on its behalf Tuesday night. (They successfully campaigned for the removal of a plaque honoring Rhodes at Oxford’s Oriel College, which is also home to the contested statue.)
In December, Qwabe wrote on his Facebook page that “the open glorification of racist murderous colonialists in academic spaces is offensive & violent to students who are descendants of those who suffered at the crimes of these colonialists, and violates the university’s own policies on equality & inclusiveness.”
Qwabe did not return requests for comment from The Daily Beast.
Yasmin Kumi, a masters student at Oxford who debated alongside Qwabe on Tuesday, told The Daily Beast she supports the Rhodes Must Fall movement because it represents “a bigger cause, which is to find avenues to combat institutional racism and decolonize higher education at a prestigious institution like Oxford.”
umi stands behind the campaign to dismantle the Rhodes statue, but believes the escalating debate over the statue has detracted from the movement’s central message.
“At the end of the day it’s about the symbolic aspect of removing the statue,” said Kumi, who is president of Oxford’s Africa Society and is pursuing a double degree in African Studies and Business. “Taking down the statue is the first important step for the school to show students that they’re willing to engage and take action on issues like racism and decolonization.”
A recent poll by Cherwell, the university’s newspaper, found 54 percent of Oxford students were in favor of letting the statue stand. But Tuesday night’s vote suggests a majority of students stand behind Rhodes Must Fall.
Oxford Union votes to remove Cecil Rhodes statue
Students at Oxford University have voted in favour of removing the statue of 19th century colonialist Sir Cecil Rhodes from Oriel College.
The result of the non-binding vote at the Oxford Union was 245 votes for the motion and 212 against.
The debate follows the Rhodes Must Fall campaign, which started at South Africas University of Cape Town.Oriel College is consulting on the statues future and has decided to remove a plaque to the mining magnate.During the debate speakers and students described Rhodes as a racist, with one speaker comparing him to Adolph Hitler.
But others questioned where the campaign could lead and asked if statues of Winston Churchill and Oliver Cromwell would be next in line.
The question voted on after the panel debate was: "Must Rhodes fall?"
Campaigners have called for the prominent statue to be placed in a museum.
But interviewed on BBC Radio 4s Today programme, the universitys chancellor Lord Patten said students with such views "should think about being educated elsewhere”.
During Tuesday night’s debate, Professor Biggar argued that if “Rhodes must fall, so must Churchill, whose views on empire and race were similar. And so probably must Abraham Lincoln.

























