Chapter 9 Sound 

- asynchronous sound (Sound which is NOT in-sync with the action on the screen – both in terms of timing and atmosphere.)

  synchronous sound (sound which is ‘in sync’ with the action on the screen, both in terms of timing and atmosphere e.g.. where dialogue matches with the characters lip movements or film scores match the emotions on screen.)

- looping -> the recording of sound first recorded on set

  dubbing (Wikipedia)

    Dubbing, mixing, or re-recording is a post-production process used in filmmaking and video production in which additional or supplementary recordings are "mixed" with original production sound to create the finished soundtrack.

The process usually takes place on a dub stage. After sound editors edit and prepare all necessary tracks (dialogue, automated dialogue replacement (ADR), effects, Foley, and music), the dubbing mixer or mixers proceed to balance all of the elements and record the finished soundtrack.    

- ambient sound -> sounds that emanate from the setting or environment being filmed

- diegetic sound and non-diegetic sound

  diegetic sound -> sound whose source is visible on the screen

- 4 basic perceptual characteristics of sound: pitch, loudness, quality, fidelity

- 4 phases of sound production: design, recording, editing, mixing

- foley (Wikipedia)

Foley is the reproduction of everyday sound effects that are added to film, video, and other media in post-production to enhance audio quality. These reproduced sounds can be anything from the swishing of clothing and footsteps to squeaky doors and breaking glass. The best Foley art is so well integrated into a film that it goes unnoticed by the audience. It helps to create a sense of reality within a scene. Without these crucial background noises, movies feel unnaturally quiet and uncomfortable.

- Films of the Italian neorealist movement are characterized by real locations, nonprofessional actors and documentory visual style.

- Sergei Eisenstein (Wikipedia)

Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein was a Soviet film director and film theorist, a pioneer in the theory and practice of montage.

Eisenstein's five types of Montage: metric, rhythmic, tonal, overtonal/ associational, intellectual

- camera obscura -> a box or room where lights enters on one side and projects an image from the ourside onto the opposite side or wall

- Vladimir Lenin nationalized the Soviet film industry and established schools that trained filmmakers to make propaganda films.

- D.W. Griffith (Wikipedia)

David Llewelyn Wark "D. W." Griffith (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948), known as the "Inventor of Hollywood," was an American film director, writer and producer who pioneered modern filmmaking techniques. 

- 3 devices of series photography: revolver photographique; magic lantern, fusil photography

revolver photographique 

magic lantern

fusil photography

- German expressionist films -> exaggerated settings; oblique camera angles and themes such as alienation

  German Expressionism (Wikipedia)

German Expressionism refers to a number of related creative movements beginning in Germany before the First World War that reached a peak in Berlin during the 1920s. These developments in Germany were part of a larger Expressionist movement in north and central European culture in fields such as architecture, dance, painting, sculpture, as well ascinema. This article deals primarily with developments in German Expressionist cinema before and immediately after World War I.

The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari

- The Dogme 95 movement (Wikipedia)

Dogme 95 was an avant-garde filmmaking movement started in 1995 by the Danish directors Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg, who created the "Dogme 95 Manifesto" and the "Vow of Chastity" . These were rules to create filmmaking based on the traditional values of story, acting, and theme, and excluding the use of elaborate special effects or technology. It was an attempt to take back power for the director as artist, as opposed to the studio.