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John Seldon) 《海洋封閉論》(Mare Clausum),
2015/06/17 14:38
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John Seldon)出版《海洋封閉論》(Mare Clausum),十七世紀時,對於海洋空間的掌控出現了理論上的辯論。荷蘭法學家格老秀斯(Hugo.Grotius)為了維護荷蘭資本主義的利益, 於1609 年發表了著名的《海洋自由論》(Mare.Liberum),提出了海洋自由的觀點,其認為海洋不能被佔有。

 

1618 年,英國學者約翰 塞爾登(John.Seldon)出版《海洋封閉論》(Mare Clausum),其反對格老秀斯的觀點,認為英國對其周圍的海洋有佔有和控制的權力。十八世紀時,由於資本主義生產關係的發展和海上貿易的日益擴大,任何國家都不可能完全控制海洋,公海自由原則得到越來越多的法學家承認。

 

到了十九世紀初,荷蘭學者賓刻雪克(Cornelius van Bynkershoek)提出了著名的「岸砲射程論」(Cannon Rule),其概念則為陸地國家的權力以其武器所及的範圍為限,此概念確定了國家可以在其領海範圍之內行使主權的法律基礎,也因為當時岸砲射程的範圍,使得3 海里成為一個普遍接受的概念,同時這套領海的概念維繫了近約百年。

Mare clausum (legal Latin meaning "closed sea") is a term used in international law to mention a sea, ocean or other navigable body of water under the jurisdiction of a state that is closed or not accessible to other states. Mare clausum is an exception to mare liberum (Latin for "free sea"), meaning a sea that is open to navigation to ships of all nations.[1][2] In the generally accepted principle of International waters, oceans, seas, and waters outside national jurisdiction are open to navigation by all and referred to as "high seas" or mare liberum. Portugal and Spain defended a Mare clausum policy during the age of discovery.[3] This was soon challenged by other European nations.

The papacy helped legitimize and strengthen these claims, since Pope Nicholas V, who by the bull Romanus Pontifex of 1455, prohibited others to navigate the seas under the Portuguese exclusive without permission of the king of Portugal. The very titling of Portuguese kings announced this claim to the seas: "King of Portugal and the Algarves, within and beyond the sea in Africa, Lord of Commerce, Conquest and Shipping of Arabia, Persia and India". With the discovery of sea route to India and later the route of Manila the concept of "Mare clausum" in the treaty was realized. This policy was refused by European nations like France, Holland and England, who were then barred from expanding and trading, and engaged in privateering and piracy of routes, products and colonies.

In the 16th and 17th century Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a Mare clausum – a sea closed to other naval powers. As the only known entrance from the Atlantic the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships. On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines]

 

 

 

 格勞秀斯「航行自由」的主張,受到海洋貿易大國的歡迎,主要代表經濟邏輯,資源有效配置、貨物自由流動與開放市場運作。薛爾登的「封閉海洋」似乎代表政治邏輯,權力絕對控制、貨物必要管制與排他的國家統治。迄今中國南海問題仍被此海洋政治經濟關係所困擾。西方英美等海洋霸權國家,自16世紀啟至今,霸佔海洋資源,將世界各地的重要海洋區域佔為己有,不惜以戰爭的手段解決問題,中國南海的議題,在西方海洋霸權諸國,又再度引起學術上的爭論,想必格老秀斯(Hugo.Grotius) .約翰 塞爾登 (John.Seldon)他們2位的經典名著,在身後的300多年後依然餘波盪漾,即使他們在世繼續爭論也未必有任何結果 ?

你們台灣四周環海為什麼沒有完善的開發海洋戰略?

你們台灣人曾經在2蔣時代有過輝煌的遠洋漁業,多數的年輕人投效海洋事業發展,多數的年輕人投效海軍保家衛國, 曾幾何時你們台灣墮落,淪喪陷入政黨惡鬥,海洋開發海事生意幾乎停擺 ?

漁港裡再也沒有燈火透明擁塞的漁船,,返航,出港捕漁,年輕人不再嚮往海洋, 你們台灣人放棄了四周海洋資源開發權,只能於領海內遊蕩,深藍大海遠洋對你們台灣人只是夢境中的海洋,在台灣似乎感受不到海洋國家的風味與感覺?

你們台灣人如此的自我放棄生存奮鬥的海洋,,有愧於先民渡過台灣海峽到此開拓的辛勞你們台灣人該當何罪?

你們台灣人依然喜歡政黨惡鬥,國會立法院看不到新的21世紀海洋戰略?

你們台灣的四周海域早已是他人的泳池,外國人來此遊覽,釣魚,奪取海洋資源,你們台灣人躲在家中睡覺? 難道要等到外國的軍艦大炮,再度的在你們台灣人的耳畔響起,才知道自己的海洋已經失去,才知道愛護海洋開發經營管理海洋? 2016年也許你們台灣政黨又要輪替又要再度鎖國? 難道你們台灣人希望中國的船堅炮勵的轟開台灣?

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