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死海古卷(Dead Sea Scrolls,
2014/10/24 00:18
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死海古卷(Dead Sea Scrolls,或稱死海經卷死海書卷死海文書),是為目前最古老的希伯來文聖經抄本(舊約),除了《聖經·以斯帖記》以外的《舊約全書》全部內容都能在死海古卷中找到,還含有一些今天雖然被天主教承認、但被新教認為是外典(包括次經偽經)的經卷,此外,當中也有一些不是《聖經》的文獻。

此古卷出土於公元1947年的死海附近的庫姆蘭(Khirbet Qumran,或譯昆蘭坎巒),故名為死海古卷。古卷主要是羊皮紙,部分是紙莎草紙。抄寫的文字以希伯來文為主,當中也有少數由希臘文亞蘭文納巴提文拉丁文寫成。 一般認為這是公元66年至70年猶太人反對羅馬帝國的大起義,被羅馬鎮壓失敗後,猶太教文化面臨滅頂之災,一些猶太教的苦行教徒將古卷埋在死海附近乾燥的地方,以求保全本民族文化。這些苦行教徒就是艾賽尼派(Essenes)的庫姆蘭社團(昆蘭社團),不過也有人對此提出異議,提出這裡是奮銳黨的軍事秘密要塞的假說。

艾賽尼派(或譯愛色尼派)是當時猶太教的四大派別之一,另外三大派別為撒都該人(Sadducess)、法利賽人(Pharisees)和奮銳黨(Zealots)。

 

死海經卷的被發現於1947年。[1]有個少年牧羊人的一頭羊進入了死海附近的洞穴裡,為了叫那頭羊出來,牧童因而對洞裡投擲石頭,結果打破洞穴裡的瓦罐,因而發現這些古經卷。撒母耳主教收購的死海山洞裡的古經卷,直到1948年2月才送到美國東方研究學院耶魯大學,被近東語言研究院院長Burrows博士進行查核。其後的十年間,在11座洞穴挖掘出了裝有古卷的瓦罐,共找到約四萬個書卷或書卷殘篇。

學者從希伯來古文字體的對照上,鑑定死海古卷的年代約於公元前三世紀到公元一世紀(公元前250年至公元68年)(另有人說從公元前170年到公元前58年,沒有公元後)。由於完成年代距今已有二千多年,殘破不堪。出土的死海古卷中,最長的有8.148公尺。若包括頭尾部分,推測至少有8.75公尺長。

目前,主要的八部經卷都存放在以色列博物館;其餘的則保存在耶路撒冷的洛克斐勒博物館(Rockefeller Museum.

 

 死海古卷包含了(除《以斯帖記》以外的)舊約全書,以及一些今天被基督教新教認為是外典(包括次經偽經)的經卷。經考古學家五十多年的修復拼湊,近800書卷部分或全部復原,其中保存最完整的是《以賽亞書》。

Psalms Scroll.jpg

The term "Dead Sea Scrolls" is being used both in a narrower sense, referring only to the finds from the Qumran caves; or it is used to cover a larger number of sites from the entire Judean desert, none very far from the Dead Sea, which would include manuscript fragments from a wider range of historical periods]

Many thousands of written fragments have been discovered, the remnants of larger manuscripts damaged by natural causes or human interference, with the vast majority only holding small scraps of text. There are though a small number of well preserved, almost intact manuscripts - fewer than a dozen among those from the Qumran caves.[2][3]

The Dead Sea Scrolls in the narrow sense of Qumran Caves Scrolls, are a collection of some 981 different texts discovered between 1946 and 1956 in eleven caves from the immediate vicinity of the ancient settlement at Khirbet Qumran in the West Bank. The caves are located about 2 kilometres inland from the northwest shore of the Dead Sea, from which they derive their name

 

 

 

 

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2樓. hsr
2014/10/24 00:24
Using new infra-red and multi-spectral multi-wavelength imaging previously hidden words and passages not visible in natural light have been discovered during the digitising processUsing new infra-red and multi-spectral multi-wavelength imaging previously hidden words and passages not visible in natural light have been discovered during the digitising process

1樓. hsr
2014/10/24 00:23

Sixty years after they were discovered in a cave by a Bedouin shepherd in the West Bank, the Dead Sea Scrolls have been given a new lease of life and will be put online in a new digitised format by the Israel Antiquities Authority and Google.

The scrolls, counted among the most important archaeological finds of the modern era, consist of 30,000 separate fragments making up 900 manuscripts of biblical texts and religious writings from the time of Jesus.

Using new infra-red and multi-spectral multi-wavelength imaging, created by the U.S. company MegaVision, previously hidden words and passages not visible in natural light have been discovered during the digitising process, allowing scholars to interpret the texts afresh.



The scrolls consist of 30,000 separate fragments making up 900 manuscripts of biblical texts and religious writings from the time of JesusThe scrolls consist of 30,000 separate fragments making up 900 manuscripts of biblical texts and religious writings from the time of Jesus

hsr2014/10/24 00:24回覆
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