尼布楚條約》，俄方稱《涅爾琴斯克條約》（俄語：Нерчинский договор），是清朝和俄國簽訂的第一份邊界條約，於1689年訂立，也是中國政府首次與西方國家簽訂的具有現代國際法水準的正式條約。
從16世紀後期沙皇伊凡雷帝時開始，俄國開始對西伯利亞和遠東的殖民過程。1636年俄國人到達鄂霍次克海，征服了西伯利亞全境。這個地區成為了俄國人的殖民地。當俄國的勢力接近中國時便發生了軍事衝突。1652年（順治九年）俄國人東入黑龍江，「駐防寧古塔（今黑龍江省海林縣）章京海色率所部擊之，戰於烏扎拉村」。這是中俄之間第一場戰鬥。1657年沙俄派正規軍在尼布楚河與石勒喀河合流處建立了雅克薩城與尼布楚城。之後中俄之間發生多次外交和軍事上的衝突。1685年康熙帝於平定三藩之亂後派將軍彭春於5月22日從璦琿起兵5,000人，5月25日攻入雅克薩。之後清軍撤軍而俄軍捲土重來。1686年清軍再攻雅克薩並圍城。1689年9月7日（康熙二十八年七月二十四日）《尼布楚條約》正式簽
兩國在雅克薩地區發生軍事衝突後於1689年9月7日（康熙二十八年七月二十四日），俄羅斯全權代表陸軍大將費耀多羅·戈洛文伯爵和清政府全權代表領侍衛內大臣索額圖、國舅佟國綱在尼布楚（現俄羅斯涅爾琴斯克）簽定的邊界條約，內容為：
- 從黑龍江支流格爾必齊河到外興安嶺直到海，嶺南屬於中國，嶺北屬於俄羅斯。西以額爾古納河為界，南屬中國，北屬俄國，額爾古納河南岸之黑里勒克河口諸房舍，應悉遷移於北岸；
- 雅克薩地方屬於中國，拆毀雅克薩城，俄人遷回俄境。兩國獵戶人等不得擅自越境，否則捕拿問罪。十數人以上集體越境須報聞兩國皇帝，依罪處以死刑；
- 此約訂定以前所有一切事情，永作罷論。自兩國永好已定之日起，嗣後有逃亡者，各不收納，並應械繫遣還。
- 雙方在對方國家的僑民「悉聽如舊」。
- 兩國人帶有往來文票（護照）的，允許其邊境貿易；
- 和好已定，兩國永敦睦誼，自來邊境一切爭執永予廢除，倘各嚴守約章，爭端無自而起。
條約的正式文本是拉丁文本，並勒石立碑。碑文用滿、漢、俄、蒙、拉丁五種文字刻成。根據此條約，俄國失去了鄂霍次克海，但與大清帝國建立了貿易關係。此條約以外興安嶺和額爾古納河為界劃分兩國邊界，但沒有確定興安嶺和烏第河之間地區的歸屬。
The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) (Chinese: 尼布楚条约) was the first treaty between Russia and China. The Russians gave up the area north of the Amur River and east of the mouth of the Argun River but kept the area between the Argun River and Lake Baikal.
The agreement was signed in Nerchinsk on August 27, 1689. The signatories were Songgotu on behalf of the Kangxi Emperor and Fedor Golovin on behalf of the Russian tsars Peter I and Ivan V.
The authoritative version was in Latin, with translations into Russian and Manchu, but these versions differed considerably. There was no official Chinese text for another two centuries, but the border markers were inscribed in Chinese along with Manchu, Russian and Latin.
The treaty had six paragraphs: 1 and 2: definition of the border, 3. Albazin to be abandoned and destroyed. 4. Refugees who arrived before the treaty to stay, those arriving after the treaty to be sent back. 5. Trade to be allowed with proper documents. 6. Boundary stones to be erected, and general exhortations to avoid conflict.
1693年俄國派使節赴北京覲見要求通商，由於其使節行三跪九叩禮，康熙帝非常高興，特准俄國在北京建俄館，每3年可以派200人商隊入京逗留80天，其他國家不得享受此待遇。
1858年的《璦琿條約》和1860年的《北京條約》重新劃分了大部分東部邊界，加上尼布楚條約原先劃定的以額爾古納河為界的部分，確立了俄國和中國的現代疆界。
The Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 (Russian: Нерчинский договор; Chinese: 尼布楚條約; pinyin: Níbùchǔ Tiáoyuē) was the first treaty between Russia and China. The Russians gave up the area north of the Amur River as far as the Stanovoy Mountains and kept the area between the Argun River and Lake Baikal. This border along the Argun River and Stanovoy Mountains lasted until the Amur Annexation in 1860. For background see History of Sino-Russian relations.
The language used was Latin, the translators being, for the Russians, a Pole named Andrei Bielobocki and for the Chinese the Jesuits Jean-Francois Gerbillon and Thomas Pereira. To avoid problems of precedence, tents were erected side by side so that neither side would be seen as visiting the other. G.P. March remarks that there were no mandarins with them, even though two Han mandarins were originally assigned to Selenginsk negotiations, but since the venue was changed to Nerchinsk, the journey had to be made on horseback and few Han gentlemen had mastered this undignified skill.] However, there was little need for Han mandarins, just as there was no need for an immediate Chinese translation.
Both Manchu and Chinese were the official languages of the Qing court and both continued to be official languages into the eighteenth century.]
1樓. hsr2014/10/10 13:05中俄尼布楚條約（）是中國和俄羅斯之間簽定的第一份邊界條約。1689年9月7日（康熙二十八年七月十四日），清政府全權使臣索額圖和沙俄全權使臣戈洛文在尼布楚（今俄羅斯涅爾琴斯克）簽訂中俄《尼布楚條約》。條約內容以滿、漢、蒙、俄和拉丁文五種文字刻成界碑。條約明確劃分了中俄兩國東西邊界，從法律上確立黑龍江和烏蘇里江流域包括庫頁島在內的廣大地區屬於中國領土，清朝同意把貝加爾湖以東原屬中國的尼布楚土地讓給俄國。
