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.中国共产党优秀党员，中国工程院院士，共和国勋章、国家最高科学技术奖获得者，全国道德模范，中国第一代核潜艇工程总设计师，中国船舶集团有限公司第七一九研究所原所长、党委书记（代理）、名誉所长黄旭华同志，因病医治无效，于2025年2月6日20时30分在湖北武汉逝世，享年99岁。民族脊梁、中国核潜艇之父-黄旭华同志永垂不朽！

Comrade Huang Xuhua, an outstanding member of the Communist Party of China, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, a recipient of the Medal of the Republic and the National Highest Science and Technology Award, a national moral model, the chief designer of Chinas first-generation nuclear submarine engineering, and the former director, party secretary (acting), and honorary director of the 719th Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, died of illness at 20:30 on February 6, 2025 in Wuhan, Hubei, at the age of 99. Comrade Huang Xuhua, the backbone of the nation and the father of Chinas nuclear submarines, will live forever!.

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https://youtu.be/eWNrrJb0p7E?si=zmvbqxdb0LtBUuGn

https://youtu.be/e6EdGldxJgo?si=Daa9CVMqu-Zuw42u

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Type 091 (Han class) nuclear attack submarines (1970)

 

The first Chinese SSNs: The type 091 class was nothing short of revolutionary when speaking of 1970s China. It really was a leap forward in design, technology and capability, the sign that the PLAN was now “part of the club”, which until then only comprised those with a permanent seat at the UN security council. Let’s going backwards: In 1958, July, Chairman Mao Zedong and the Central Military Commission gave approval to start the 091 submarine project. The first one, called “Long March I” (pennant number 401) was launched in 1970 and operational in 1974. Since then, five more of the same class (called Changzheng or “Long March” too) were built between 1977 and 1990. The long gap between them was linked to the capabilities of the Bohai Shipyard at Huludao but also allowed to make considerable improvements between two vessels.

It is safe to say the technological gap and capabilities between the fifth submarine, 405, and the first, now preserved at the Chinese Navy Museum, Qingdao, there was enough differences to justify a new class. As of today, China has three Type 091 in operation. Pakistan tried to procure one in 1989 and the rumor resurfaced again in 1993 and 2012. Today, the Type 093 form the ageing bulk of the Chinese SSN fleet, assumed by the Type 093 serie, and the last 091 are to be replaced by the next Type 095 in development. This goes together with a new generation of super-silent SSGs such as the Song class which caught the USN red-faced.

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  091型核潛艇(北約代號“漢”級)是中國第一代攻擊型核潛艇(SSN)，有報道稱共建五艘，,舷號：401、402、403、404、405（依次稱呼為長征1-5號）。首艇1968年在葫蘆島船廠動工，1971年4月開始係泊試驗，7月開始用核能發電，主機試車考核，8月15日開始海試。1974年8月7日交付海軍使用。5艘漢級核潛艇都部署在北海艦隊。

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（均為推算 僅供參考）基本數據：排水量：4500噸（401、402） 5500噸（403、404、405）；潛深：200-300米；全長：90米（401、402） 98米（403、404、405）；全寬：90米（401、402） 98米（403、404、405）；動力：90兆瓦壓水反應堆1座蒸氣渦輪2座（12,000馬力）；水上極速：12節；水下極速：25節；續航能力：無限；成員：75人；武器裝備：魚雷：6具533毫米魚雷發射管魚-6/魚-3型魚雷；導彈：鷹擊-81型反艦導彈；其他：水雷。

中國核潛艇計劃起始於1958年6月。第一艘091型核潛艇（長征1號，舷號401）于1966年開始總體設計。1968年5月開始放樣，11月開始總體建造並於1970年4月完成了首艇的總體試水。同時陸上模式反應堆也于1970年4月28日安裝完畢，並在5月1日正式開始試車。7月30日陸上模式堆即達到滿功率運作，指標完全符合設計要求。同年12月26日下水舾裝。1971年8月23日7時40分，091型首艇從應急推進電機轉換為核動力航行狀態。1974年8月1日建軍節，長征1號正式入役。[

 

　1954年，美国“鹦鹉螺号”核潜艇首次试航。1957年，苏联第一艘核潜艇下水。这种新武器的巨大能量，一度超出了当时人们的想象。当时有一个说法来描述核潜艇的续航能力：一个高尔夫球大小的铀块燃料可以让潜艇航行6万海里，如果用柴油作燃料，则需近百节火车皮的柴油。对于大国而言，核潜艇是至关重要的国防利器。

　　黄旭华用了个有意思的比喻：“常规潜艇是憋了一口气，一个猛子扎下去，用电瓶全速巡航1小时就要浮上来喘口气，就像鲸鱼定时上浮。核潜艇才可以真正潜下去几个月，在水下环行全球。如果再配上洲际导弹，配上核弹头，不仅是第一次核打击力量，而且有第二次核报复力量。有了它，敌人就不大敢向你发动核战争，除非敌人愿意和你同归于尽。”因此，《潜艇发展史》的作者霍顿认为，导弹核潜艇是“世界和平的保卫者”。

　　1958年，出于国防安全形势需要，中国也启动研制导弹核潜艇，选拔了29名平均年龄不到30岁的骨干人才，组建了造船技术研究室（后改为09研究所）。曾参与仿制苏式常规潜艇的黄旭华，作为1/29，被选中参加研究。

　　研究开始不久，苏联宣布撤回援华专家。毛泽东主席下令：“核潜艇，一万年也要造出来！”在位于武汉的中船重工719研究所办公大楼里，毛泽东主席的誓言刻于墙壁之上。

曾于1988年跟随黄旭华参与核潜艇深潜试验的中船重工首席技术专家张锦岚，对用算盘计算核潜艇数据感到不可思议：“这可不是简单的加减乘除，而是要运用三角函数、对数等各种复杂和高难度的运算公式和模型。”

　　但在一穷二白的年代，黄旭华和同事们正是用这种土办法，突破了核潜艇中最为关键、最为重大的核动力装置、水滴线型艇体、艇体结构、人工大气环境、水下通讯、惯性导航系统、发射装置等一系列关键技术。

　　1970年12月26日，中国第一艘核潜艇下水。

　　1974年8月1日，中国第一艘核潜艇加入海军战斗序列。

　　“我们的核潜艇没有一件设备、仪表、原料来自国外，艇体的每一部分都是国产。”黄旭华自豪地说。

黃旭華（1926年3月12日—2025年2月6日）^[]，中國工程師，廣東省揭陽縣（今揭陽市）客家人，出生於廣東省海豐縣田墘（今汕尾市城區田墘街道）^]。中國工程院院士^[]，中國核潛艇第二任總設計師，中國船舶重工集團公司第719研究所研究員、名譽所長。

黃旭華曾在採訪時這樣介紹自己：「我的家鄉在汕尾海豐田墘鎮。我是客家人，祖籍揭陽，生於汕尾，這三個身份缺一不可.

.1970年12月26日，中國第一艘魚雷攻擊型核潛艇下水。1971年8月23日，中國第一艘魚雷攻擊型核潛艇開始航行試驗。直至1974年8月1日，中央軍委發布命令，將這艘核潛艇命名為「長征一號」， 中國第一艘核潛艇正式編入人民海軍的戰鬥序列。黃旭華只是總體部門的一個科級副總工程師，他甚至不是總體部的組長、副組長和總體部的總工

首艘091型核潛艇1970年12月26日下水、1974年8月1日服役，首艘092型核潛艇1981年4月30日建成下水1982年10月中國第一代戰略彈道潛射飛彈由潛艇水下試射成功；之後，彭士祿於1983年2月轉任水利電力部副部長兼總工程師，中國核潛艇總設計師一職交由黃旭華繼任。

Type 092 Xia Class SSBN

In 1981 China launched the Xia-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN), derived from the Han-class SSN. A ballistic missile submarine force would enhance Beijings assurance of an effective retaliatory capability, as well as strengthening her deterrent posture. Despite a potential for operations in the Pacific Ocean, capabilities would be very limited against modern Western or Russian ASW capabilities. China’s first ballistic missile submarine, the Type 092 Xia-class, was never considered to be a survivable deterrent. The product of “trial and error” (many onboard systems have been upgraded and tested at sea) the Type 092 spent little time away from the pier.

Type 092 Xia-class Nomenclature

Chinese civilization, as described in mythology, begins with Pangu, the creator of the universe, and a succession of legendary sage-emperors and culture heroes who taught the ancient Chinese to communicate and to find sustenance, clothing, and shelter. The first prehistoric dynasty is said to be Xia, from about the twenty-first to the sixteenth century BC. The bronze age in China refers to the period between about 2000 and 771 BC, when bronze was produced on a massive scale for weapons and ritual objects used by the ruling elite.

Traditional Chinese histories, written in later centuries, speak of a series of ancient rulers who invented agriculture, writing, and the arts of government. The last of these legendary rulers, Yu, is credited with controlling floods and founding the Xia dynasty. Yu also cast nine sacred bronze vessels that became symbolic of the right to rule, and these were passed on to subsequent dynasties. While the account in the traditional histories is linear, with states following one another in a logical progression, the archaeological record reveals a more complicated picture of Bronze Age China. The historicity of Xia is still much debated among scholars in China and abroad. The Shang oracle bones mention the names of pre-dynastic Shang rulers, but not those of Xia.

In China, the amelioration of saline and alkali lands has experienced a long history of development. It was said that the Emperor Great Yu in Xia Dynasty (2200 B.C.) in his great work of water control had practiced the so-called "Ditch regime" as the network of irrigation and drainage. At that time saline and alkali soils were already considered as a factor for the classification of land and agriculture production region (Yu Gong). In order to promote agricultural production, the ancient working people had built canals and diverted water from rivers for irrigation. Furthermore, they also had practiced the saline-alkali land amelioration by leaching salts with flood irrigation.

Until scientific excavations were made at early bronze-age sites at Anyang, Henan Province, in 1928, it was difficult to separate myth from reality in regard to the Xia. But since then, and especially in the 1960s and 1970s, archaeologists have uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs that point to the existence of Xia civilization in the same locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts. Archaeological investigation has confirmed much of the legendary history of the dynasty following the Xia -- the Shang -- but the existence of Xia itself is still debated. Today, Chinese scholars generally identify Xia with the Erlitou culture, but debate continues on whether Erlitou represents an early stage of the Shang dynasty, or whether it is entirely unique. In any event, new prototypes emerged at Erlitou -- in architecture, bronze vessels, tomb structures, and weapons -- that greatly influenced material culture in the Shang and subsequent Zhou dynasties.

At minimum, the Xia period marked an evolutionary stage between the late neolithic cultures and the typical Chinese urban civilization of the Shang dynasty. Thousands of archaeological finds in the Huang He Valley -- the apparent cradle of Chinese civilization -- provide evidence about the Shang dynasty, which endured roughly from 1700 to 1027 BC. The Shang dynasty (also called the Yin dynasty in its later stages) is believed to have been founded by a rebel leader who overthrew the last Xia ruler. The Han period produced Chinas most famous historian, Sima Qian (145-87 BC?), whose Shiji (Historical Records) provides a detailed chronicle from the time of a legendary Xia emperor to that of the Han emperor Wu Di (141-87 BC).

.Chinas sole XIA Class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) - SSBN #406 - was extended through at least 2010. The Type 94 replacement is equiped with the new JL-2 SLBM system. The Type 092 was noted in imagery to be undergoing refit or repair using the Jianggezhuang Submarine Base drydock [near Qingdao], occupying the drydock between 2005 and 2007. By 2013 the status of the XIA was unclear. The US DOD annual report Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China last mentioned this boat in 2010, and there is no hint of it in subsequent reports. Previous reports of its demise had proven greatly exagerated, though it was never really operational in the American sense. World Warships reported it in service, as of 19 September 2012. Asian Military Review reported the boat as "probably not operational". The latest edition of Combat Fleets of the World, published September 2013, reports that the boat was "expected to remain in service until 2012" which is not much help. World Defense Almanac 2013 reports the boat still in service, as does the authoritative Military Balance. Chinese Military Review published a new set of [undated] photographs of the Type 092 Xia in January 2013, showing the boat tied up pierside.

 

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