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2024.巴勒斯坦各派系 簽署 北京 宣言..123.聯合國秘書長安東尼奧·古特雷斯「非常歡迎」巴勒斯坦各派簽署《北京宣言》，肯認其為「促進巴勒斯坦民族團結的重要一步」，敦促各派別履行在對話及《宣言》中所作承諾，並對中華人民共和國等推動巴勒斯坦民族團結進程國家所作努力表示讚賞；秘書長發言人斯特凡·杜加里克則表示：「我認為所有朝著團結邁進的舉措都值得歡迎和鼓勵。

.2024.北京宣言》，全稱《關於結束分裂加強巴勒斯坦民族團結的北京宣言》（阿拉伯語：اعلان بكين لإنهاء الانقسام وتعزيز الوحدة الوطنية الفلسطينية‎），是巴勒斯坦以巴勒斯坦民族解放運動（法塔赫）及伊斯蘭抵抗運動（哈瑪斯）為首的14個政治派別在中華人民共和國北京市共同簽署的宣言。

巴勒斯坦各派別在《北京宣言》中同意在巴勒斯坦解放組織框架下實現民族團結，呼籲依據聯合國有關決議建立以耶路撒冷為首都的巴勒斯坦國，堅持維護巴勒斯坦領土完整，並同意儘速組建臨時聯合政府、籌備全國選舉，統一政治領導框架。輿論多正面評價《北京宣言》及中華人民共和國促進和平的外交努力，惟亦有論者質疑《宣言》的實際作用。

.《北京宣言》旨在統一巴勒斯坦立場、達成民族全面團結，共同對抗「猶太復國主義實體（即以色列）侵略」及「種族滅絕戰爭」。《宣言》聲明巴勒斯坦人民得以一切鬥爭手段實現自決，有權抵制並終結以色列對加薩走廊等巴勒斯坦領土占領，並歡迎國際法院裁定以色列在巴勒斯坦領土存在及建造定居點之舉違反國際法的意見，強調應在聯合國主持下，召開各方廣泛授權參與的國際會議，商討巴勒斯坦問題解決方案。各派別確認巴勒斯坦解放組織（巴解）為巴勒斯坦人民唯一合法代表，同意在埃及、阿爾及利亞、中華人民共和國與俄羅斯等友邦協助.

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西方國家及美國的國際戰略觀察家分析認為.由中國主導聯合巴勒斯坦各派系團結,籌組聯合政黨,建立統一戰線對於巴勒斯坦建國以及日後申請加入聯合國,都有積極正面協助的意義,但是觸擊美國與以色列在中東地區的利益,因此日後可能性更進一步的爆發武裝衝突.

The Beijing Declaration on Ending Division and Strengthening Palestinian National Unity (Arabic: اعلان بكين لإنهاء الانقسام وتعزيز الوحدة الوطنية الفلسطينية; Chinese: 关于结束分裂加强巴勒斯坦民族团结的北京宣言), commonly known as the Beijing Declaration, is an agreement signed on 23 July 2024 by 14 different Palestinian factions, including Fatah and Hamas, as part of the reconciliation process between the two factions in a conflict that started in the aftermath of the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections and included the 2007 Hamas takeover of Gaza.

.The government of the Peoples Republic of China offered the Palestinian factions its good offices to try to reach an agreement, and in July 2024, representatives of 14 Palestinian organizations met in Beijing, China, and on July 23 concluded a new agreement on unity government.

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According to the declaration, the factions agreed to achieve “a comprehensive Palestinian national unity that includes all Palestinian factions under the PLO framework, and to commit to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital […] with the help of Egypt, Algeria, China and Russia".

The declaration also stressed the Palestinian peoples right to resist the Israeli occupation in accordance with international laws and the United Nations charter and to thwart any attempts to displace Palestinians from their land.

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Fatah and Hamas            

The 1993-1995 Oslo Accords detached the Palestinians in the occupied territories from the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), which is seen as the true representative of Palestinian people, and the Palestinians in exile by creating a Palestinian Authority (PA) for the territories. As the PA replaced the PLO as the prime Palestinian political institution, PLO factions that opposed the Oslo process were marginalized.

In the following decade, Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu used repression against PA, while allowing Hamas to operate and receive hundreds of millions of dollars, particularly via Qatar. His goal remains rule-and-divide: Using Hamas to weaken PA and then PA to weaken Hamas, and the US to weaken both. 

The first broad Palestinian election took place in 2006. The results reflected the new facts on the ground. Under the name “Change and Reform,” Hamas won the majority capturing over 44 percent of the vote as opposed to 41 percent by the ruling Fatah.

As expected, Hamas predominated in Gaza, except for Rafah. But now it also controlled much of the West Bank, except for Tulkarm, Jenin and Betlehem. Beset with internal strife, the PLO was widely perceived as compromised in the occupied territories, while its more popular figures, such as Marwan Barghouti, were jailed by the Israelis. Many EU leaders, opposition figures and peace movement leaders, including my late friend Amos Oz, saw Barghouti as viable negotiating partner.

Palestinians and the West          

To undermine the outcome of the 2006 democratic election, the US started plotting to overthrow Hamas after its election victory, while Israel launched a series of raids into Gaza and the West Bank, hammering the civilian infrastructure and detaining dozens of high-level Hamas officials and supporters. Since then, no new elections have been held.

Following the crackdown of Hamas’s leadership, Israel and the Middle East Quartet – the U.S., Russia, UN, and EU – introduced economic sanctions against the Palestinian Authority, Hamas’s parliamentarians and Palestinian territories.

As the Haniyeh government was sworn in Gaza, both the U.S. and EU cut aid to the Palestinian Authority. Israel withheld $475 million of Palestinian tax and customs revenue; half of PA’s monthly income in 2005. Hence, the falling incomes, increased poverty, institutional collapse and economic decline. Meanwhile, the friction between Fatah and Hamas burst into an open military conflict in June 2007.

The mantra was that Hamas would never accept Israel’s existence. But that was hogwash. Several Hamas leaders have signaled support for peace prospects. As Efraim Halevy, the pragmatic ex-head of Mossad, argued, those who were seeking peace in the Middle East should seize “the opportunity of a seriously weakened Hamas to reflect on how we might bring it into the political process instead of just confronting it with tanks in the back alleys of Gaza.”

The stage for tragedies was set when Israel and the U.S. imposed a ground, air, and maritime blockade, basically to strangle Gaza. For all practical purposes, it was successful causing massive economic devastation thereby setting the stage for October 7, 2023.

New “grand bargain” but old dominoes

For two years, the Biden administration has been in talks with Saudi leaders urging Riyadh to establish diplomatic ties with Israel. Saudi Arabia has joined the BRICS alliance, remains one of China’s largest oil suppliers and is selling oil in multiple currencies. But it is also the world’s second-largest arms importer and 75 percent of those weapons come from the U.S.

Riyadh has been negotiating a security pact with the U.S., modeled loosely on the US-Japan mutual defense pact, while seeking cooperation in a civilian nuclear program. Preceded by Israel’s peace treaties with Egypt (1979) and Jordan (1994) and the Oslo Accords with the PA (1993-95), the grand bargain is predicated on the Abraham Accords (2020-2021) between Israel and the UAE and Bahrain, and subsequently with Morocco and Sudan, respectively.

However, after October 7, the Palestinians can no longer be sidelined in the name of “normalization,” which is what the Netanyahu cabinet would prefer. To the US, the Gaza genocide is a distraction. The real goal of the grand bargain is to sideline China in the Middle East. Like once in Southeast Asia and two decades ago with Iraq, the White House sees every region as a pack of dominoes. Take over the biggest and the rest will fall in line. In each case, that fallacy has resulted in a catastrophe.

Worse, U.S. administration wants to exploit the Saudi deal to undermine the prospects of peace and development in the Middle East. It seeks to limit Riyadh’s cooperation with Beijing on trade, technology and military matters, insisting that the Saudis would trade oil in dollars rather than in local currencies, such as the Chinese yuan. The White House also wants to disrupt Israel’s technology trade with Beijing and Chinese investment in Israel.

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